Node.js v16.20.0 文档

本文档的组织#

¥Organization of this document

本文档包含两个主要章节和第三章节的注意事项。第一章节描述了如何在应用中使用现有的流。第二章节描述了如何创建新类型的流。

¥This document contains two primary sections and a third section for notes. The first section explains how to use existing streams within an application. The second section explains how to create new types of streams.

流的类型#

¥Types of streams

Node.js 中有四种基本的流类型：

¥There are four fundamental stream types within Node.js:

• Writable：可以写入数据的流（例如，fs.createWriteStream()）。

  ¥Writable: streams to which data can be written (for example, fs.createWriteStream()).

• Readable：可以从中读取数据的流（例如，fs.createReadStream()）。

  ¥Readable: streams from which data can be read (for example, fs.createReadStream()).

• Duplex：Readable 和 Writable 的流（例如，net.Socket）。

  ¥Duplex: streams that are both Readable and Writable (for example, net.Socket).

• Transform：可以在写入和读取数据时修改或转换数据的 Duplex 流（例如，zlib.createDeflate()）。

  ¥Transform: Duplex streams that can modify or transform the data as it is written and read (for example, zlib.createDeflate()).

此外，此模块还包括实用函数 stream.pipeline()、stream.finished()、stream.Readable.from() 和 stream.addAbortSignal()。

¥Additionally, this module includes the utility functions stream.pipeline(), stream.finished(), stream.Readable.from() and stream.addAbortSignal().

流 Promise API#

¥Streams Promises API

stream/promises API 为返回 Promise 对象（而不是使用回调）的流提供了一组替代的异步实用函数。API 可通过 require('node:stream/promises') 或 require('node:stream').promises 访问。

¥The stream/promises API provides an alternative set of asynchronous utility functions for streams that return Promise objects rather than using callbacks. The API is accessible via require('node:stream/promises') or require('node:stream').promises.

对象模式#

¥Object mode

Node.js API 创建的所有流都只对字符串和 Buffer（或 Uint8Array）对象进行操作。但是，流的实现可以使用其他类型的 JavaScript 值（除了 null，它在流中具有特殊用途）。这样的流被认为在 "对象模式" 中运行。

¥All streams created by Node.js APIs operate exclusively on strings and Buffer (or Uint8Array) objects. It is possible, however, for stream implementations to work with other types of JavaScript values (with the exception of null, which serves a special purpose within streams). Such streams are considered to operate in "object mode".

流的实例在创建流时使用 objectMode 选项切换到对象模式。尝试将现有的流切换到对象模式是不安全的。

¥Stream instances are switched into object mode using the objectMode option when the stream is created. Attempting to switch an existing stream into object mode is not safe.

缓冲#

¥Buffering

Writable 和 Readable 流都将数据存储在内部缓冲区中。

¥Both Writable and Readable streams will store data in an internal buffer.

可能缓冲的数据量取决于传给流的构造函数的 highWaterMark 选项。对于普通流，highWaterMark 选项指定 总字节数。对于在对象模式下操作的流，highWaterMark 指定对象的总数。

¥The amount of data potentially buffered depends on the highWaterMark option passed into the stream's constructor. For normal streams, the highWaterMark option specifies a total number of bytes. For streams operating in object mode, the highWaterMark specifies a total number of objects.

当实现调用 stream.push(chunk) 时，数据缓存在 Readable 流中。如果流的消费者没有调用 stream.read()，则数据会一直驻留在内部队列中，直到被消费。

¥Data is buffered in Readable streams when the implementation calls stream.push(chunk). If the consumer of the Stream does not call stream.read(), the data will sit in the internal queue until it is consumed.

一旦内部读取缓冲区的总大小达到 highWaterMark 指定的阈值，则流将暂时停止从底层资源读取数据，直到可以消费当前缓冲的数据（也就是，流将停止调用内部的用于填充读取缓冲区 readable._read() 方法）。

¥Once the total size of the internal read buffer reaches the threshold specified by highWaterMark, the stream will temporarily stop reading data from the underlying resource until the data currently buffered can be consumed (that is, the stream will stop calling the internal readable._read() method that is used to fill the read buffer).

当重复调用 writable.write(chunk) 方法时，数据会缓存在 Writable 流中。虽然内部的写入缓冲区的总大小低于 highWaterMark 设置的阈值，但对 writable.write() 的调用将返回 true。一旦内部缓冲区的大小达到或超过 highWaterMark，则将返回 false。

¥Data is buffered in Writable streams when the writable.write(chunk) method is called repeatedly. While the total size of the internal write buffer is below the threshold set by highWaterMark, calls to writable.write() will return true. Once the size of the internal buffer reaches or exceeds the highWaterMark, false will be returned.

stream API 的一个关键目标，尤其是 stream.pipe() 方法，是将数据缓冲限制在可接受的水平，以便不同速度的来源和目标不会压倒可用内存。

¥A key goal of the stream API, particularly the stream.pipe() method, is to limit the buffering of data to acceptable levels such that sources and destinations of differing speeds will not overwhelm the available memory.

highWaterMark 选项是一个阈值，而不是限制：它规定了流在停止请求更多数据之前缓冲的数据量。它通常不强制执行严格的内存限制。特定的流实现可能会选择实现更严格的限制，但这样做是可选的。

¥The highWaterMark option is a threshold, not a limit: it dictates the amount of data that a stream buffers before it stops asking for more data. It does not enforce a strict memory limitation in general. Specific stream implementations may choose to enforce stricter limits but doing so is optional.

因为 Duplex 和 Transform 流都是 Readable 和 Writable，所以每个都维护两个独立的内部缓冲区，用于读取和写入，允许每一方独立于另一方操作，同时保持适当和高效的数据流。例如，net.Socket 实例是 Duplex 流，其 Readable 端允许使用从套接字接收的数据，其 Writable 端允许将数据写入套接字。因为数据可能以比接收数据更快或更慢的速度写入套接字，所以每一端都应该独立于另一端进行操作（和缓冲）。

¥Because Duplex and Transform streams are both Readable and Writable, each maintains two separate internal buffers used for reading and writing, allowing each side to operate independently of the other while maintaining an appropriate and efficient flow of data. For example, net.Socket instances are Duplex streams whose Readable side allows consumption of data received from the socket and whose Writable side allows writing data to the socket. Because data may be written to the socket at a faster or slower rate than data is received, each side should operate (and buffer) independently of the other.

内部缓冲的机制是内部的实现细节，可能随时更改。但是，对于某些高级实现，可以使用 writable.writableBuffer 或 readable.readableBuffer 检索内部的缓冲区。不鼓励使用这些未记录的属性。

¥The mechanics of the internal buffering are an internal implementation detail and may be changed at any time. However, for certain advanced implementations, the internal buffers can be retrieved using writable.writableBuffer or readable.readableBuffer. Use of these undocumented properties is discouraged.

流消费者的 API#

¥API for stream consumers

几乎所有的 Node.js 应用，无论多么简单，都以某种方式使用流。以下是在实现 HTTP 服务器的 Node.js 应用中使用流的示例：

¥Almost all Node.js applications, no matter how simple, use streams in some manner. The following is an example of using streams in a Node.js application that implements an HTTP server:

const http = require('node:http');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  // `req` is an http.IncomingMessage, which is a readable stream.
  // `res` is an http.ServerResponse, which is a writable stream.

  let body = '';
  // Get the data as utf8 strings.
  // If an encoding is not set, Buffer objects will be received.
  req.setEncoding('utf8');

  // Readable streams emit 'data' events once a listener is added.
  req.on('data', (chunk) => {
    body += chunk;
  });

  // The 'end' event indicates that the entire body has been received.
  req.on('end', () => {
    try {
      const data = JSON.parse(body);
      // Write back something interesting to the user:
      res.write(typeof data);
      res.end();
    } catch (er) {
      // uh oh! bad json!
      res.statusCode = 400;
      return res.end(`error: ${er.message}`);
    }
  });
});

server.listen(1337);

// $ curl localhost:1337 -d "{}"
// object
// $ curl localhost:1337 -d "\"foo\""
// string
// $ curl localhost:1337 -d "not json"
// error: Unexpected token o in JSON at position 1 拷贝

Writable 流（例如示例中的 res）暴露了用于将数据写入流的方法，例如 write() 和 end()。

¥Writable streams (such as res in the example) expose methods such as write() and end() that are used to write data onto the stream.

当数据可从流中读取时，Readable 流使用 EventEmitter API 通知应用代码。可以通过多种方式从流中读取可用数据。

¥Readable streams use the EventEmitter API for notifying application code when data is available to be read off the stream. That available data can be read from the stream in multiple ways.

Writable 和 Readable 流都以各种方式使用 EventEmitter API 来传达流的当前状态。

¥Both Writable and Readable streams use the EventEmitter API in various ways to communicate the current state of the stream.

Duplex 和 Transform 流都是 Writable 和 Readable。

¥Duplex and Transform streams are both Writable and Readable.

向流中写入数据或从流中消费数据的应用不需要直接实现流的接口，并且通常没有理由调用 require('node:stream')。

¥Applications that are either writing data to or consuming data from a stream are not required to implement the stream interfaces directly and will generally have no reason to call require('node:stream').

希望实现新型流的开发者应参考 流实现者的 API 部分。

¥Developers wishing to implement new types of streams should refer to the section API for stream implementers.

可写流#

¥Writable streams

可写流是数据写入目标的抽象。

¥Writable streams are an abstraction for a destination to which data is written.

Writable 流的示例包括：

¥Examples of Writable streams include:

• 客户端上的 HTTP 请求

  ¥HTTP requests, on the client

• 在服务器上的 HTTP 响应

  ¥HTTP responses, on the server

• 文件系统写入流

  ¥fs write streams

• zlib 流

  ¥zlib streams

• 加密流

  ¥crypto streams

• TCP 套接字

  ¥TCP sockets

• 子进程标准输入

  ¥child process stdin

• process.stdout, process.stderr

其中一些示例实际上是实现 Writable 接口的 Duplex 流。

¥Some of these examples are actually Duplex streams that implement the Writable interface.

所有的 Writable 流都实现了 stream.Writable 类定义的接口。

¥All Writable streams implement the interface defined by the stream.Writable class.

虽然 Writable 流的特定实例可能以各种方式不同，但所有的 Writable 流都遵循相同的基本使用模式，如下例所示：

¥While specific instances of Writable streams may differ in various ways, all Writable streams follow the same fundamental usage pattern as illustrated in the example below:

const myStream = getWritableStreamSomehow();
myStream.write('some data');
myStream.write('some more data');
myStream.end('done writing data'); 拷贝

类：stream.Writable#

¥Class: stream.Writable

事件：'close'#

¥Event: 'close'

当流及其任何底层资源（例如文件描述符）已关闭时，则会触发 'close' 事件。该事件表明将不再触发更多事件，并且不会发生进一步的计算。

¥The 'close' event is emitted when the stream and any of its underlying resources (a file descriptor, for example) have been closed. The event indicates that no more events will be emitted, and no further computation will occur.

如果 Writable 流是使用 emitClose 选项创建的，则始终会触发 'close' 事件。

¥A Writable stream will always emit the 'close' event if it is created with the emitClose option.

事件：'drain'#

¥Event: 'drain'

如果对 stream.write(chunk) 的调用返回 false，则 'drain' 事件将在适合继续将数据写入流时触发。

¥If a call to stream.write(chunk) returns false, the 'drain' event will be emitted when it is appropriate to resume writing data to the stream.

// Write the data to the supplied writable stream one million times.
// Be attentive to back-pressure.
function writeOneMillionTimes(writer, data, encoding, callback) {
  let i = 1000000;
  write();
  function write() {
    let ok = true;
    do {
      i--;
      if (i === 0) {
        // Last time!
        writer.write(data, encoding, callback);
      } else {
        // See if we should continue, or wait.
        // Don't pass the callback, because we're not done yet.
        ok = writer.write(data, encoding);
      }
    } while (i > 0 && ok);
    if (i > 0) {
      // Had to stop early!
      // Write some more once it drains.
      writer.once('drain', write);
    }
  }
} 拷贝

事件：'error'#

¥Event: 'error'

• <Error>

如果在写入或管道数据时发生错误，则会触发 'error' 事件。监听器回调在调用时传入单个 Error 参数。

¥The 'error' event is emitted if an error occurred while writing or piping data. The listener callback is passed a single Error argument when called.

除非在创建流时将 autoDestroy 选项设置为 false，否则当触发 'error' 事件时将关闭流。

¥The stream is closed when the 'error' event is emitted unless the autoDestroy option was set to false when creating the stream.

在 'error' 之后，除 'close' 之外不应再触发其他事件（包括 'error' 事件）。

¥After 'error', no further events other than 'close' should be emitted (including 'error' events).

事件：'finish'#

¥Event: 'finish'

在调用 stream.end() 方法之后，并且所有数据都已刷新到底层系统，则触发 'finish' 事件。

¥The 'finish' event is emitted after the stream.end() method has been called, and all data has been flushed to the underlying system.

const writer = getWritableStreamSomehow();
for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
  writer.write(`hello, #${i}!\n`);
}
writer.on('finish', () => {
  console.log('All writes are now complete.');
});
writer.end('This is the end\n'); 拷贝

事件：'pipe'#

¥Event: 'pipe'

• src <stream.Readable> 通过管道传输到此可写的源流

  ¥src <stream.Readable> source stream that is piping to this writable

当在可读流上调用 stream.pipe() 方法将此可写流添加到其目标集时，则触发 'pipe' 事件。

¥The 'pipe' event is emitted when the stream.pipe() method is called on a readable stream, adding this writable to its set of destinations.

const writer = getWritableStreamSomehow();
const reader = getReadableStreamSomehow();
writer.on('pipe', (src) => {
  console.log('Something is piping into the writer.');
  assert.equal(src, reader);
});
reader.pipe(writer); 拷贝

事件：'unpipe'#

¥Event: 'unpipe'

• src <stream.Readable> unpiped 这个可写的源码流

  ¥src <stream.Readable> The source stream that unpiped this writable

当在 Readable 流上调用 stream.unpipe() 方法时，则会触发 'unpipe' 事件，从其目标集合中删除此 Writable。

¥The 'unpipe' event is emitted when the stream.unpipe() method is called on a Readable stream, removing this Writable from its set of destinations.

当 Readable 流管道进入它时，如果此 Writable 流触发错误，则这也会触发。

¥This is also emitted in case this Writable stream emits an error when a Readable stream pipes into it.

const writer = getWritableStreamSomehow();
const reader = getReadableStreamSomehow();
writer.on('unpipe', (src) => {
  console.log('Something has stopped piping into the writer.');
  assert.equal(src, reader);
});
reader.pipe(writer);
reader.unpipe(writer); 拷贝

writable.cork()#

writable.cork() 方法强制所有写入的数据都缓存在内存中。当调用 stream.uncork() 或 stream.end() 方法时，缓冲的数据将被刷新。

¥The writable.cork() method forces all written data to be buffered in memory. The buffered data will be flushed when either the stream.uncork() or stream.end() methods are called.

writable.cork() 的主要目的是适应将几个小块快速连续写入流的情况。writable.cork() 不是立即将它们转发到底层目标，而是缓冲所有块，直到 writable.uncork() 被调用，如果存在，writable.uncork() 会将它们全部传给 writable._writev()。这可以防止在等待处理第一个小块时正在缓冲数据的行头阻塞情况。但是，在不实现 writable._writev() 的情况下使用 writable.cork() 可能会对吞吐量产生不利影响。

¥The primary intent of writable.cork() is to accommodate a situation in which several small chunks are written to the stream in rapid succession. Instead of immediately forwarding them to the underlying destination, writable.cork() buffers all the chunks until writable.uncork() is called, which will pass them all to writable._writev(), if present. This prevents a head-of-line blocking situation where data is being buffered while waiting for the first small chunk to be processed. However, use of writable.cork() without implementing writable._writev() may have an adverse effect on throughput.

也可以看看：writable.uncork(), writable._writev().

¥See also: writable.uncork(), writable._writev().

writable.destroy([error])#

• error <Error> 可选，与 'error' 事件一起触发的错误。

  ¥error <Error> Optional, an error to emit with 'error' event.

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

销毁流可选地触发 'error' 事件，并且触发 'close' 事件（除非 emitClose 设置为 false）。在此调用之后，则可写流已结束，随后对 write() 或 end() 的调用将导致 ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED 错误。这是销毁流的销毁性和直接的方式。先前对 write() 的调用可能没有排空，并且可能触发 ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED 错误。如果数据应该在关闭之前刷新，或者在销毁流之前等待 'drain' 事件，则使用 end() 而不是销毁。

¥Destroy the stream. Optionally emit an 'error' event, and emit a 'close' event (unless emitClose is set to false). After this call, the writable stream has ended and subsequent calls to write() or end() will result in an ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED error. This is a destructive and immediate way to destroy a stream. Previous calls to write() may not have drained, and may trigger an ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED error. Use end() instead of destroy if data should flush before close, or wait for the 'drain' event before destroying the stream.

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

const myStream = new Writable();

const fooErr = new Error('foo error');
myStream.destroy(fooErr);
myStream.on('error', (fooErr) => console.error(fooErr.message)); // foo error 拷贝

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

const myStream = new Writable();

myStream.destroy();
myStream.on('error', function wontHappen() {}); 拷贝

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

const myStream = new Writable();
myStream.destroy();

myStream.write('foo', (error) => console.error(error.code));
// ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED 拷贝

一旦 destroy() 被调用，任何进一步的调用都将是空操作，除了来自 _destroy() 的其他错误可能不会作为 'error' 触发。

¥Once destroy() has been called any further calls will be a no-op and no further errors except from _destroy() may be emitted as 'error'.

实现者不应覆盖此方法，而应实现 writable._destroy()。

¥Implementors should not override this method, but instead implement writable._destroy().

writable.destroyed#

• <boolean>

在调用 writable.destroy() 之后是 true。

¥Is true after writable.destroy() has been called.

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

const myStream = new Writable();

console.log(myStream.destroyed); // false
myStream.destroy();
console.log(myStream.destroyed); // true 拷贝

writable.end([chunk[, encoding]][, callback])#

• chunk <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <any> 可选的要写入的数据。对于不在对象模式下操作的流，chunk 必须是字符串、Buffer 或 Uint8Array。对于对象模式的流，chunk 可以是除 null 之外的任何 JavaScript 值。

  ¥chunk <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <any> Optional data to write. For streams not operating in object mode, chunk must be a string, Buffer or Uint8Array. For object mode streams, chunk may be any JavaScript value other than null.

• encoding <string> chunk 为字符串时的编码

  ¥encoding <string> The encoding if chunk is a string

• callback <Function> 流结束时的回调。

  ¥callback <Function> Callback for when the stream is finished.

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

调用 writable.end() 方法表示不再有数据写入 Writable。可选的 chunk 和 encoding 参数允许在关闭流之前立即写入最后一个额外的数据块。

¥Calling the writable.end() method signals that no more data will be written to the Writable. The optional chunk and encoding arguments allow one final additional chunk of data to be written immediately before closing the stream.

在调用 stream.end() 之后调用 stream.write() 方法将引发错误。

¥Calling the stream.write() method after calling stream.end() will raise an error.

// Write 'hello, ' and then end with 'world!'.
const fs = require('node:fs');
const file = fs.createWriteStream('example.txt');
file.write('hello, ');
file.end('world!');
// Writing more now is not allowed! 拷贝

writable.setDefaultEncoding(encoding)#

• encoding <string> 新的默认编码

  ¥encoding <string> The new default encoding

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

writable.setDefaultEncoding() 方法为 Writable 流设置默认的 encoding。

¥The writable.setDefaultEncoding() method sets the default encoding for a Writable stream.

writable.uncork()#

writable.uncork() 方法会刷新自调用 stream.cork() 以来缓冲的所有数据。

¥The writable.uncork() method flushes all data buffered since stream.cork() was called.

当使用 writable.cork() 和 writable.uncork() 管理写入流的缓冲时，使用 process.nextTick() 推迟对 writable.uncork() 的调用。这样做允许对在给定 Node.js 事件循环阶段中发生的所有 writable.write() 调用进行批处理。

¥When using writable.cork() and writable.uncork() to manage the buffering of writes to a stream, defer calls to writable.uncork() using process.nextTick(). Doing so allows batching of all writable.write() calls that occur within a given Node.js event loop phase.

stream.cork();
stream.write('some ');
stream.write('data ');
process.nextTick(() => stream.uncork()); 拷贝

如果在一个流上多次调用 writable.cork() 方法，则必须调用相同数量的 writable.uncork() 调用来刷新缓冲的数据。

¥If the writable.cork() method is called multiple times on a stream, the same number of calls to writable.uncork() must be called to flush the buffered data.

stream.cork();
stream.write('some ');
stream.cork();
stream.write('data ');
process.nextTick(() => {
  stream.uncork();
  // The data will not be flushed until uncork() is called a second time.
  stream.uncork();
}); 拷贝

也可以看看：writable.cork()。

¥See also: writable.cork().

writable.writable#

• <boolean>

如果调用 writable.write() 是安全的，则为 true，这意味着流没有被销毁、错误或结束。

¥Is true if it is safe to call writable.write(), which means the stream has not been destroyed, errored, or ended.

writable.writableAborted#

• <boolean>

返回在触发 'finish' 之前流是被破销毁或出错。

¥Returns whether the stream was destroyed or errored before emitting 'finish'.

writable.writableEnded#

• <boolean>

在调用 writable.end() 之后是 true。此属性不指示数据是否已刷新，为此则使用 writable.writableFinished 代替。

¥Is true after writable.end() has been called. This property does not indicate whether the data has been flushed, for this use writable.writableFinished instead.

writable.writableCorked#

• <integer>

需要调用 writable.uncork() 以完全解开流的次数。

¥Number of times writable.uncork() needs to be called in order to fully uncork the stream.

writable.writableFinished#

• <boolean>

在触发 'finish' 事件之前立即设置为 true。

¥Is set to true immediately before the 'finish' event is emitted.

writable.writableHighWaterMark#

• <number>

返回创建此 Writable 时传入的 highWaterMark 的值。

¥Return the value of highWaterMark passed when creating this Writable.

writable.writableLength#

• <number>

此属性包含队列中准备写入的字节数（或对象数）。该值提供有关 highWaterMark 状态的内省数据。

¥This property contains the number of bytes (or objects) in the queue ready to be written. The value provides introspection data regarding the status of the highWaterMark.

writable.writableNeedDrain#

• <boolean>

如果流的缓冲区已满并且流将触发 'drain'，则为 true。

¥Is true if the stream's buffer has been full and stream will emit 'drain'.

writable.writableObjectMode#

• <boolean>

给定 Writable 流的属性 objectMode 的获取器。

¥Getter for the property objectMode of a given Writable stream.

writable.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])#

• chunk <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <any> 可选的要写入的数据。对于不在对象模式下操作的流，chunk 必须是字符串、Buffer 或 Uint8Array。对于对象模式的流，chunk 可以是除 null 之外的任何 JavaScript 值。

  ¥chunk <string> | <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <any> Optional data to write. For streams not operating in object mode, chunk must be a string, Buffer or Uint8Array. For object mode streams, chunk may be any JavaScript value other than null.

• encoding <string> | <null> 如果 chunk 为字符串，则为编码。默认值：'utf8'

  ¥encoding <string> | <null> The encoding, if chunk is a string. Default: 'utf8'

• callback <Function> 当刷新此数据块时的回调。

  ¥callback <Function> Callback for when this chunk of data is flushed.

• 返回：<boolean> false 如果流希望调用代码在继续写入附加数据之前等待 'drain' 事件触发；否则 true。

  ¥Returns: <boolean> false if the stream wishes for the calling code to wait for the 'drain' event to be emitted before continuing to write additional data; otherwise true.

writable.write() 方法将一些数据写入流，并在数据完全处理后调用提供的 callback。如果发生错误，则 callback 将使用错误作为其第一个参数进行调用。callback 是异步地调用，并且在 'error' 触发之前。

¥The writable.write() method writes some data to the stream, and calls the supplied callback once the data has been fully handled. If an error occurs, the callback will be called with the error as its first argument. The callback is called asynchronously and before 'error' is emitted.

如果在接纳 chunk 后，内部缓冲区小于当创建流时配置的 highWaterMark，则返回值为 true。如果返回 false，则应停止进一步尝试将数据写入流，直到触发 'drain' 事件。

¥The return value is true if the internal buffer is less than the highWaterMark configured when the stream was created after admitting chunk. If false is returned, further attempts to write data to the stream should stop until the 'drain' event is emitted.

当流没有排空时，对 write() 的调用将缓冲 chunk，并返回 false。一旦所有当前缓冲的块都被排空（操作系统接受交付），则将触发 'drain' 事件。一旦 write() 返回 false，则在 'drain' 事件触发之前不要写入更多块。虽然允许在未排空的流上调用 write()，但 Node.js 将缓冲所有写入的块，直到出现最大内存使用量，此时它将无条件中止。即使在它中止之前，高内存使用量也会导致垃圾收集器性能不佳和高 RSS（通常不会释放回系统，即使在不再需要内存之后）。由于如果远程对等方不读取数据，TCP 套接字可能永远不会排空，因此写入未排空的套接字可能会导致可远程利用的漏洞。

¥While a stream is not draining, calls to write() will buffer chunk, and return false. Once all currently buffered chunks are drained (accepted for delivery by the operating system), the 'drain' event will be emitted. Once write() returns false, do not write more chunks until the 'drain' event is emitted. While calling write() on a stream that is not draining is allowed, Node.js will buffer all written chunks until maximum memory usage occurs, at which point it will abort unconditionally. Even before it aborts, high memory usage will cause poor garbage collector performance and high RSS (which is not typically released back to the system, even after the memory is no longer required). Since TCP sockets may never drain if the remote peer does not read the data, writing a socket that is not draining may lead to a remotely exploitable vulnerability.

在流未排空时写入数据对于 Transform 来说尤其成问题，因为 Transform 流是默认暂停，直到它们被管道传输、或添加 'data' 或 'readable' 事件句柄。

¥Writing data while the stream is not draining is particularly problematic for a Transform, because the Transform streams are paused by default until they are piped or a 'data' or 'readable' event handler is added.

如果要写入的数据可以按需生成或获取，则建议将逻辑封装成 Readable 并且使用 stream.pipe()。但是，如果首选调用 write()，则可以使用 'drain' 事件遵守背压并避免内存问题：

¥If the data to be written can be generated or fetched on demand, it is recommended to encapsulate the logic into a Readable and use stream.pipe(). However, if calling write() is preferred, it is possible to respect backpressure and avoid memory issues using the 'drain' event:

function write(data, cb) {
  if (!stream.write(data)) {
    stream.once('drain', cb);
  } else {
    process.nextTick(cb);
  }
}

// Wait for cb to be called before doing any other write.
write('hello', () => {
  console.log('Write completed, do more writes now.');
}); 拷贝

对象模式下的 Writable 流将始终忽略 encoding 参数。

¥A Writable stream in object mode will always ignore the encoding argument.

可读流#

¥Readable streams

可读流是对消费数据源的抽象。

¥Readable streams are an abstraction for a source from which data is consumed.

Readable 流的示例包括：

¥Examples of Readable streams include:

• 客户端上的 HTTP 响应

  ¥HTTP responses, on the client

• 服务器上的 HTTP 请求

  ¥HTTP requests, on the server

• 文件系统读取流

  ¥fs read streams

• zlib 流

  ¥zlib streams

• 加密流

  ¥crypto streams

• TCP 套接字

  ¥TCP sockets

• 子进程标准输出和标准错误

  ¥child process stdout and stderr

• process.stdin

所有的 Readable 流都实现了 stream.Readable 类定义的接口。

¥All Readable streams implement the interface defined by the stream.Readable class.

两种读取模式#

¥Two reading modes

Readable 流以两种模式之一有效运行：流动和暂停。这些模式与 对象模式 是分开的。Readable 流可以处于或不处于对象模式，无论其是处于流动模式还是暂停模式。

¥Readable streams effectively operate in one of two modes: flowing and paused. These modes are separate from object mode. A Readable stream can be in object mode or not, regardless of whether it is in flowing mode or paused mode.

• 在流动模式下，数据会自动从底层系统读取，并通过 EventEmitter 接口使用事件尽快提供给应用。

  ¥In flowing mode, data is read from the underlying system automatically and provided to an application as quickly as possible using events via the EventEmitter interface.

• 在暂停模式下，必须显式调用 stream.read() 方法以从流中读取数据块。

  ¥In paused mode, the stream.read() method must be called explicitly to read chunks of data from the stream.

所有的 Readable 流都以暂停模式开始，但可以通过以下方式之一切换到流动模式：

¥All Readable streams begin in paused mode but can be switched to flowing mode in one of the following ways:

• 添加 'data' 事件句柄。

  ¥Adding a 'data' event handler.

• 调用 stream.resume() 方法。

  ¥Calling the stream.resume() method.

• 调用 stream.pipe() 方法将数据发送到 Writable。

  ¥Calling the stream.pipe() method to send the data to a Writable.

Readable 可以使用以下方法之一切换回暂停模式：

¥The Readable can switch back to paused mode using one of the following:

• 如果没有管道目标，则通过调用 stream.pause() 方法。

  ¥If there are no pipe destinations, by calling the stream.pause() method.

• 如果有管道目标，则删除所有管道目标。可以通过调用 stream.unpipe() 方法删除多个管道目标。

  ¥If there are pipe destinations, by removing all pipe destinations. Multiple pipe destinations may be removed by calling the stream.unpipe() method.

要记住的重要概念是，在提供消费或忽略该数据的机制之前，Readable 不会产生数据。如果消费机制被禁用或取消，Readable 将尝试停止生成数据。

¥The important concept to remember is that a Readable will not generate data until a mechanism for either consuming or ignoring that data is provided. If the consuming mechanism is disabled or taken away, the Readable will attempt to stop generating the data.

出于向后兼容性的原因，删除 'data' 事件处理程序不会自动暂停流。此外，如果有管道目标，则调用 stream.pause() 将不能保证一旦这些目标耗尽并请求更多数据，流将保持暂停状态。

¥For backward compatibility reasons, removing 'data' event handlers will not automatically pause the stream. Also, if there are piped destinations, then calling stream.pause() will not guarantee that the stream will remain paused once those destinations drain and ask for more data.

如果 Readable 切换到流动模式并且没有消费者可用于处理数据，则数据将被丢失。例如，当调用 readable.resume() 方法而没有绑定到 'data' 事件的监听器时，或者当从流中删除 'data' 事件句柄时，就会发生这种情况。

¥If a Readable is switched into flowing mode and there are no consumers available to handle the data, that data will be lost. This can occur, for instance, when the readable.resume() method is called without a listener attached to the 'data' event, or when a 'data' event handler is removed from the stream.

添加 'readable' 事件句柄会自动使流停止流动，并且必须通过 readable.read() 来消费数据。如果删除了 'readable' 事件句柄，则如果有 'data' 事件句柄，流将再次开始流动。

¥Adding a 'readable' event handler automatically makes the stream stop flowing, and the data has to be consumed via readable.read(). If the 'readable' event handler is removed, then the stream will start flowing again if there is a 'data' event handler.

三种状态#

¥Three states

Readable 流的 "两种模式" 操作是对 Readable 流实现中发生的更复杂的内部状态管理的简化抽象。

¥The "two modes" of operation for a Readable stream are a simplified abstraction for the more complicated internal state management that is happening within the Readable stream implementation.

具体来说，在任何给定的时间点，每个 Readable 都处于三种可能的状态之一：

¥Specifically, at any given point in time, every Readable is in one of three possible states:

• readable.readableFlowing === null

• readable.readableFlowing === false

• readable.readableFlowing === true

当 readable.readableFlowing 为 null 时，则不提供消费流数据的机制。因此，流不会生成数据。在此状态下，为 'data' 事件绑定监听器、调用 readable.pipe() 方法、或调用 readable.resume() 方法会将 readable.readableFlowing 切换到 true，从而使 Readable 在生成数据时开始主动触发事件。

¥When readable.readableFlowing is null, no mechanism for consuming the stream's data is provided. Therefore, the stream will not generate data. While in this state, attaching a listener for the 'data' event, calling the readable.pipe() method, or calling the readable.resume() method will switch readable.readableFlowing to true, causing the Readable to begin actively emitting events as data is generated.

调用 readable.pause()、readable.unpipe() 或接收背压将导致 readable.readableFlowing 设置为 false，暂时停止事件的流动但不会停止数据的生成。在此状态下，为 'data' 事件绑定监听器不会将 readable.readableFlowing 切换到 true。

¥Calling readable.pause(), readable.unpipe(), or receiving backpressure will cause the readable.readableFlowing to be set as false, temporarily halting the flowing of events but not halting the generation of data. While in this state, attaching a listener for the 'data' event will not switch readable.readableFlowing to true.

const { PassThrough, Writable } = require('node:stream');
const pass = new PassThrough();
const writable = new Writable();

pass.pipe(writable);
pass.unpipe(writable);
// readableFlowing is now false.

pass.on('data', (chunk) => { console.log(chunk.toString()); });
pass.write('ok');  // Will not emit 'data'.
pass.resume();     // Must be called to make stream emit 'data'. 拷贝

虽然 readable.readableFlowing 是 false，但数据可能会在流的内部缓冲区中累积。

¥While readable.readableFlowing is false, data may be accumulating within the stream's internal buffer.

选择一种 API 风格#

¥Choose one API style

Readable 流的 API 跨越多个 Node.js 版本的演进，并提供了多种消费流数据的方法。一般来说，开发者应该选择一种消费数据的方法，而不应该使用多种方法来消费单个流中的数据。具体来说，使用 on('data')、on('readable')、pipe() 或异步迭代器的组合可能会导致不直观的行为。

¥The Readable stream API evolved across multiple Node.js versions and provides multiple methods of consuming stream data. In general, developers should choose one of the methods of consuming data and should never use multiple methods to consume data from a single stream. Specifically, using a combination of on('data'), on('readable'), pipe(), or async iterators could lead to unintuitive behavior.

类：stream.Readable#

¥Class: stream.Readable

事件：'close'#

¥Event: 'close'

当流及其任何底层资源（例如文件描述符）已关闭时，则会触发 'close' 事件。该事件表明将不再触发更多事件，并且不会发生进一步的计算。

¥The 'close' event is emitted when the stream and any of its underlying resources (a file descriptor, for example) have been closed. The event indicates that no more events will be emitted, and no further computation will occur.

如果 Readable 流是使用 emitClose 选项创建的，则始终会触发 'close' 事件。

¥A Readable stream will always emit the 'close' event if it is created with the emitClose option.

事件：'data'#

¥Event: 'data'

• chunk <Buffer> | <string> | <any> 数据块。对于不在对象模式下操作的流，块将是字符串或 Buffer。对于处于对象模式的流，块可以是除 null 之外的任何 JavaScript 值。

  ¥chunk <Buffer> | <string> | <any> The chunk of data. For streams that are not operating in object mode, the chunk will be either a string or Buffer. For streams that are in object mode, the chunk can be any JavaScript value other than null.

每当流将数据块的所有权移交给消费者时，则会触发 'data' 事件。每当通过调用 readable.pipe()、readable.resume()、或通过将监听器回调绑定到 'data' 事件而将流切换到流动模式时，就会发生这种情况。每当调用 readable.read() 方法并且可以返回数据块时，也会触发 'data' 事件。

¥The 'data' event is emitted whenever the stream is relinquishing ownership of a chunk of data to a consumer. This may occur whenever the stream is switched in flowing mode by calling readable.pipe(), readable.resume(), or by attaching a listener callback to the 'data' event. The 'data' event will also be emitted whenever the readable.read() method is called and a chunk of data is available to be returned.

将 'data' 事件监听器绑定到尚未显式暂停的流，则会将流切换到流动模式。数据将在可用时立即传入。

¥Attaching a 'data' event listener to a stream that has not been explicitly paused will switch the stream into flowing mode. Data will then be passed as soon as it is available.

如果使用 readable.setEncoding() 方法为流指定了默认编码，则监听器回调将把数据块作为字符串传递；否则数据将作为 Buffer 传递。

¥The listener callback will be passed the chunk of data as a string if a default encoding has been specified for the stream using the readable.setEncoding() method; otherwise the data will be passed as a Buffer.

const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
  console.log(`Received ${chunk.length} bytes of data.`);
}); 拷贝

事件：'end'#

¥Event: 'end'

当流中没有更多数据可供消费时，则会触发 'end' 事件。

¥The 'end' event is emitted when there is no more data to be consumed from the stream.

除非数据完全消耗，否则不会触发 'end' 事件。这可以通过将流切换到流动模式来实现，或者通过重复调用 stream.read() 直到所有数据都被消费完。

¥The 'end' event will not be emitted unless the data is completely consumed. This can be accomplished by switching the stream into flowing mode, or by calling stream.read() repeatedly until all data has been consumed.

const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
  console.log(`Received ${chunk.length} bytes of data.`);
});
readable.on('end', () => {
  console.log('There will be no more data.');
}); 拷贝

事件：'error'#

¥Event: 'error'

• <Error>

'error' 事件可以随时由 Readable 的实现触发。通常，如果底层流由于底层内部故障而无法生成数据，或者当流实现尝试推送无效数据块时，可能会发生这种情况。

¥The 'error' event may be emitted by a Readable implementation at any time. Typically, this may occur if the underlying stream is unable to generate data due to an underlying internal failure, or when a stream implementation attempts to push an invalid chunk of data.

监听器回调将传入单个 Error 对象。

¥The listener callback will be passed a single Error object.

事件：'pause'#

¥Event: 'pause'

当调用 stream.pause() 并且 readableFlowing 不是 false 时，则会触发 'pause' 事件。

¥The 'pause' event is emitted when stream.pause() is called and readableFlowing is not false.

事件：'readable'#

¥Event: 'readable'

当有可从流中读取的数据或已到达流的末尾时，则将触发 'readable' 事件。实际上，'readable' 事件表明流有新的信息。如果数据可用，则 stream.read() 将返回该数据。

¥The 'readable' event is emitted when there is data available to be read from the stream or when the end of the stream has been reached. Effectively, the 'readable' event indicates that the stream has new information. If data is available, stream.read() will return that data.

const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
readable.on('readable', function() {
  // There is some data to read now.
  let data;

  while ((data = this.read()) !== null) {
    console.log(data);
  }
}); 拷贝

如果已经到达流的末尾，则调用 stream.read() 将返回 null 并触发 'end' 事件。如果从未读取任何数据，则也是如此。例如，在以下示例中，foo.txt 是一个空文件：

¥If the end of the stream has been reached, calling stream.read() will return null and trigger the 'end' event. This is also true if there never was any data to be read. For instance, in the following example, foo.txt is an empty file:

const fs = require('node:fs');
const rr = fs.createReadStream('foo.txt');
rr.on('readable', () => {
  console.log(`readable: ${rr.read()}`);
});
rr.on('end', () => {
  console.log('end');
}); 拷贝

运行此脚本的输出是：

¥The output of running this script is:

$ node test.js
readable: null
end 拷贝

在某些情况下，为 'readable' 事件绑定监听器会导致一些数据被读入内部缓冲区。

¥In some cases, attaching a listener for the 'readable' event will cause some amount of data to be read into an internal buffer.

一般来说，readable.pipe() 和 'data' 事件机制比 'readable' 事件更容易理解。但是，处理 'readable' 可能会导致吞吐量增加。

¥In general, the readable.pipe() and 'data' event mechanisms are easier to understand than the 'readable' event. However, handling 'readable' might result in increased throughput.

如果同时使用 'readable' 和 'data'，则 'readable' 优先控制流，即只有在调用 stream.read() 时才会触发 'data'。readableFlowing 属性将变为 false。如果在删除 'readable' 时有 'data' 监听器，流将开始流动，即 'data' 事件将在不调用 .resume() 的情况下触发。

¥If both 'readable' and 'data' are used at the same time, 'readable' takes precedence in controlling the flow, i.e. 'data' will be emitted only when stream.read() is called. The readableFlowing property would become false. If there are 'data' listeners when 'readable' is removed, the stream will start flowing, i.e. 'data' events will be emitted without calling .resume().

事件：'resume'#

¥Event: 'resume'

当调用 stream.resume() 并且 readableFlowing 不是 true 时，则会触发 'resume' 事件。

¥The 'resume' event is emitted when stream.resume() is called and readableFlowing is not true.

readable.destroy([error])#

• error <Error> 将作为 'error' 事件中的有效负载传递的错误

  ¥error <Error> Error which will be passed as payload in 'error' event

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

销毁流可选地触发 'error' 事件，并且触发 'close' 事件（除非 emitClose 设置为 false）。在此调用之后，可读流将释放任何内部资源，随后对 push() 的调用将被忽略。

¥Destroy the stream. Optionally emit an 'error' event, and emit a 'close' event (unless emitClose is set to false). After this call, the readable stream will release any internal resources and subsequent calls to push() will be ignored.

一旦 destroy() 被调用，任何进一步的调用都将是空操作，除了来自 _destroy() 的其他错误可能不会作为 'error' 触发。

¥Once destroy() has been called any further calls will be a no-op and no further errors except from _destroy() may be emitted as 'error'.

实现者不应覆盖此方法，而应实现 readable._destroy()。

¥Implementors should not override this method, but instead implement readable._destroy().

readable.destroyed#

• <boolean>

在调用 readable.destroy() 之后是 true。

¥Is true after readable.destroy() has been called.

readable.isPaused()#

• 返回：<boolean>

  ¥Returns: <boolean>

readable.isPaused() 方法返回 Readable 的当前运行状态。这主要由作为 readable.pipe() 方法基础的机制使用。在大多数典型情况下，没有理由直接使用此方法。

¥The readable.isPaused() method returns the current operating state of the Readable. This is used primarily by the mechanism that underlies the readable.pipe() method. In most typical cases, there will be no reason to use this method directly.

const readable = new stream.Readable();

readable.isPaused(); // === false
readable.pause();
readable.isPaused(); // === true
readable.resume();
readable.isPaused(); // === false 拷贝

readable.pause()#

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

readable.pause() 方法将导致处于流动模式的流停止触发 'data' 事件，切换出流动模式。任何可用的数据都将保留在内部缓冲区中。

¥The readable.pause() method will cause a stream in flowing mode to stop emitting 'data' events, switching out of flowing mode. Any data that becomes available will remain in the internal buffer.

const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
  console.log(`Received ${chunk.length} bytes of data.`);
  readable.pause();
  console.log('There will be no additional data for 1 second.');
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log('Now data will start flowing again.');
    readable.resume();
  }, 1000);
}); 拷贝

如果有 'readable' 事件监听器，则 readable.pause() 方法不起作用。

¥The readable.pause() method has no effect if there is a 'readable' event listener.

readable.pipe(destination[, options])#

• destination <stream.Writable> 写入数据的目标

  ¥destination <stream.Writable> The destination for writing data

• options <Object> 管道选项

  ¥options <Object> Pipe options

  • end <boolean> 当读取结束时结束写入。默认值：true。

    ¥end <boolean> End the writer when the reader ends. Default: true.

• 返回：<stream.Writable> 目标，如果它是 Duplex 或 Transform 流，则允许管道链

  ¥Returns: <stream.Writable> The destination, allowing for a chain of pipes if it is a Duplex or a Transform stream

readable.pipe() 方法将 Writable 流绑定到 readable，使其自动切换到流动模式并将其所有数据推送到绑定的 Writable。数据流将被自动管理，以便目标 Writable 流不会被更快的 Readable 流漫过。

¥The readable.pipe() method attaches a Writable stream to the readable, causing it to switch automatically into flowing mode and push all of its data to the attached Writable. The flow of data will be automatically managed so that the destination Writable stream is not overwhelmed by a faster Readable stream.

以下示例将 readable 中的所有数据通过管道传输到名为 file.txt 的文件中：

¥The following example pipes all of the data from the readable into a file named file.txt:

const fs = require('node:fs');
const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
const writable = fs.createWriteStream('file.txt');
// All the data from readable goes into 'file.txt'.
readable.pipe(writable); 拷贝

可以将多个 Writable 流绑定到单个 Readable 流。

¥It is possible to attach multiple Writable streams to a single Readable stream.

readable.pipe() 方法返回对目标流的引用，从而可以设置管道流链：

¥The readable.pipe() method returns a reference to the destination stream making it possible to set up chains of piped streams:

const fs = require('node:fs');
const zlib = require('node:zlib');
const r = fs.createReadStream('file.txt');
const z = zlib.createGzip();
const w = fs.createWriteStream('file.txt.gz');
r.pipe(z).pipe(w); 拷贝

默认情况下，当源 Readable 流触发 'end' 时，则在目标 Writable 流上调用 stream.end()，因此目标不再可写。要禁用此默认行为，可以将 end 选项作为 false 传入，从而使目标流保持打开状态：

¥By default, stream.end() is called on the destination Writable stream when the source Readable stream emits 'end', so that the destination is no longer writable. To disable this default behavior, the end option can be passed as false, causing the destination stream to remain open:

reader.pipe(writer, { end: false });
reader.on('end', () => {
  writer.end('Goodbye\n');
}); 拷贝

一个重要的警告是，如果 Readable 流在处理过程中触发错误，则 Writable 目标不会自动关闭。如果发生错误，则需要手动关闭每个流以防止内存泄漏。

¥One important caveat is that if the Readable stream emits an error during processing, the Writable destination is not closed automatically. If an error occurs, it will be necessary to manually close each stream in order to prevent memory leaks.

process.stderr 和 process.stdout Writable 流在 Node.js 进程退出之前永远不会关闭，无论指定的选项如何。

¥The process.stderr and process.stdout Writable streams are never closed until the Node.js process exits, regardless of the specified options.

readable.read([size])#

• size <number> 用于指定要读取的数据量的可选参数。

  ¥size <number> Optional argument to specify how much data to read.

• 返回：<string> | <Buffer> | <null> | <any>

  ¥Returns: <string> | <Buffer> | <null> | <any>

readable.read() 方法从内部缓冲区中读取数据并返回。如果没有数据可以读取，则返回 null。默认情况下，除非使用 readable.setEncoding() 方法指定了编码或流在对象模式下运行，否则数据将作为 Buffer 对象返回。

¥The readable.read() method reads data out of the internal buffer and returns it. If no data is available to be read, null is returned. By default, the data is returned as a Buffer object unless an encoding has been specified using the readable.setEncoding() method or the stream is operating in object mode.

可选的 size 参数指定要读取的特定字节数。如果无法读取 size 个字节，则将返回 null，除非流已结束，在这种情况下，将返回内部缓冲区中剩余的所有数据。

¥The optional size argument specifies a specific number of bytes to read. If size bytes are not available to be read, null will be returned unless the stream has ended, in which case all of the data remaining in the internal buffer will be returned.

如果未指定 size 参数，则将返回内部缓冲区中包含的所有数据。

¥If the size argument is not specified, all of the data contained in the internal buffer will be returned.

size 参数必须小于或等于 1 GiB。

¥The size argument must be less than or equal to 1 GiB.

readable.read() 方法应该只在暂停模式下操作的 Readable 流上调用。在流动模式下，会自动调用 readable.read()，直到内部缓冲区完全排空。

¥The readable.read() method should only be called on Readable streams operating in paused mode. In flowing mode, readable.read() is called automatically until the internal buffer is fully drained.

const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();

// 'readable' may be triggered multiple times as data is buffered in
readable.on('readable', () => {
  let chunk;
  console.log('Stream is readable (new data received in buffer)');
  // Use a loop to make sure we read all currently available data
  while (null !== (chunk = readable.read())) {
    console.log(`Read ${chunk.length} bytes of data...`);
  }
});

// 'end' will be triggered once when there is no more data available
readable.on('end', () => {
  console.log('Reached end of stream.');
}); 拷贝

每次调用 readable.read() 都会返回一个数据块或 null。块不是串联的。需要 while 循环来消费当前缓冲区中的所有数据。当读取大文件时，.read() 可能会返回 null，到目前为止已经消费了所有缓冲的内容，但是还有更多的数据尚未缓冲。在这种情况下，当缓冲区中有更多数据时，将触发新的 'readable' 事件。最后，当没有更多数据时，则将触发 'end' 事件。

¥Each call to readable.read() returns a chunk of data, or null. The chunks are not concatenated. A while loop is necessary to consume all data currently in the buffer. When reading a large file .read() may return null, having consumed all buffered content so far, but there is still more data to come not yet buffered. In this case a new 'readable' event will be emitted when there is more data in the buffer. Finally the 'end' event will be emitted when there is no more data to come.

因此，要从 readable 读取文件的全部内容，必须跨越多个 'readable' 事件来收集块：

¥Therefore to read a file's whole contents from a readable, it is necessary to collect chunks across multiple 'readable' events:

const chunks = [];

readable.on('readable', () => {
  let chunk;
  while (null !== (chunk = readable.read())) {
    chunks.push(chunk);
  }
});

readable.on('end', () => {
  const content = chunks.join('');
}); 拷贝

对象模式下的 Readable 流将始终从对 readable.read(size) 的调用返回单个条目，而不管 size 参数的值如何。

¥A Readable stream in object mode will always return a single item from a call to readable.read(size), regardless of the value of the size argument.

如果 readable.read() 方法返回数据块，则还将触发 'data' 事件。

¥If the readable.read() method returns a chunk of data, a 'data' event will also be emitted.

在触发 'end' 事件后调用 stream.read([size]) 将返回 null。不会引发运行时错误。

¥Calling stream.read([size]) after the 'end' event has been emitted will return null. No runtime error will be raised.

readable.readable#

• <boolean>

如果调用 readable.read() 是安全的，则为 true，这意味着流尚未被销毁或触发 'error' 或 'end'。

¥Is true if it is safe to call readable.read(), which means the stream has not been destroyed or emitted 'error' or 'end'.

readable.readableAborted#

• <boolean>

返回在触发 'end' 之前流是被破销毁或出错。

¥Returns whether the stream was destroyed or errored before emitting 'end'.

readable.readableDidRead#

• <boolean>

返回 'data' 是否已经触发。

¥Returns whether 'data' has been emitted.

readable.readableEncoding#

• <null> | <string>

给定 Readable 流的属性 encoding 的获取器。可以使用 readable.setEncoding() 方法设置 encoding 属性。

¥Getter for the property encoding of a given Readable stream. The encoding property can be set using the readable.setEncoding() method.

readable.readableEnded#

• <boolean>

当触发 'end' 事件时变为 true。

¥Becomes true when 'end' event is emitted.

readable.readableFlowing#

• <boolean>

如 三种状态 部分所述，此属性反映 Readable 流的当前状态。

¥This property reflects the current state of a Readable stream as described in the Three states section.

readable.readableHighWaterMark#

• <number>

返回创建此 Readable 时传递的 highWaterMark 的值。

¥Returns the value of highWaterMark passed when creating this Readable.

readable.readableLength#

• <number>

此属性包含队列中准备读取的字节数（或对象数）。该值提供有关 highWaterMark 状态的内省数据。

¥This property contains the number of bytes (or objects) in the queue ready to be read. The value provides introspection data regarding the status of the highWaterMark.

readable.readableObjectMode#

• <boolean>

给定 Readable 流的属性 objectMode 的获取器。

¥Getter for the property objectMode of a given Readable stream.

readable.resume()#

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

readable.resume() 方法导致显式暂停的 Readable 流恢复触发 'data' 事件，将流切换到流动模式。

¥The readable.resume() method causes an explicitly paused Readable stream to resume emitting 'data' events, switching the stream into flowing mode.

readable.resume() 方法可用于完全使用流中的数据，而无需实际处理任何数据：

¥The readable.resume() method can be used to fully consume the data from a stream without actually processing any of that data:

getReadableStreamSomehow()
  .resume()
  .on('end', () => {
    console.log('Reached the end, but did not read anything.');
  }); 拷贝

如果有 'readable' 事件监听器，则 readable.resume() 方法不起作用。

¥The readable.resume() method has no effect if there is a 'readable' event listener.

readable.setEncoding(encoding)#

• encoding <string> 要使用的编码。

  ¥encoding <string> The encoding to use.

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

readable.setEncoding() 方法设置从 Readable 流中读取的数据的字符编码。

¥The readable.setEncoding() method sets the character encoding for data read from the Readable stream.

默认情况下，没有分配编码，流数据将作为 Buffer 对象返回。设置编码会导致流数据作为指定编码的字符串而不是 Buffer 对象返回。例如，调用 readable.setEncoding('utf8') 将导致输出数据被解释为 UTF-8 数据，并作为字符串传递。调用 readable.setEncoding('hex') 将导致数据以十六进制字符串格式编码。

¥By default, no encoding is assigned and stream data will be returned as Buffer objects. Setting an encoding causes the stream data to be returned as strings of the specified encoding rather than as Buffer objects. For instance, calling readable.setEncoding('utf8') will cause the output data to be interpreted as UTF-8 data, and passed as strings. Calling readable.setEncoding('hex') will cause the data to be encoded in hexadecimal string format.

Readable 流将正确处理通过流传送的多字节字符，否则如果简单地将其作为 Buffer 对象从流中提取，这些字符将无法正确解码。

¥The Readable stream will properly handle multi-byte characters delivered through the stream that would otherwise become improperly decoded if simply pulled from the stream as Buffer objects.

const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
readable.setEncoding('utf8');
readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
  assert.equal(typeof chunk, 'string');
  console.log('Got %d characters of string data:', chunk.length);
}); 拷贝

readable.unpipe([destination])#

• destination <stream.Writable> 可选的要取消管道的特定流

  ¥destination <stream.Writable> Optional specific stream to unpipe

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

readable.unpipe() 方法分离先前使用 stream.pipe() 方法附加的 Writable 流。

¥The readable.unpipe() method detaches a Writable stream previously attached using the stream.pipe() method.

如果未指定 destination，则分离所有管道。

¥If the destination is not specified, then all pipes are detached.

如果指定了 destination，但没有为其设置管道，则该方法不执行任何操作。

¥If the destination is specified, but no pipe is set up for it, then the method does nothing.

const fs = require('node:fs');
const readable = getReadableStreamSomehow();
const writable = fs.createWriteStream('file.txt');
// All the data from readable goes into 'file.txt',
// but only for the first second.
readable.pipe(writable);
setTimeout(() => {
  console.log('Stop writing to file.txt.');
  readable.unpipe(writable);
  console.log('Manually close the file stream.');
  writable.end();
}, 1000); 拷贝

readable.unshift(chunk[, encoding])#

• chunk <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <string> | <null> | <any> 要取消转移到读取队列的数据块。对于不以对象模式运行的流，chunk 必须是字符串、Buffer、Uint8Array 或 null。对于对象模式流，chunk 可以是任何 JavaScript 值。

  ¥chunk <Buffer> | <Uint8Array> | <string> | <null> | <any> Chunk of data to unshift onto the read queue. For streams not operating in object mode, chunk must be a string, Buffer, Uint8Array, or null. For object mode streams, chunk may be any JavaScript value.

• encoding <string> 字符串块的编码。必须是有效的 Buffer 编码，例如 'utf8' 或 'ascii'。

  ¥encoding <string> Encoding of string chunks. Must be a valid Buffer encoding, such as 'utf8' or 'ascii'.

将 chunk 作为 null 传递表示流结束 (EOF)，其行为与 readable.push(null) 相同，之后无法写入更多数据。EOF 信号放在缓冲区的末尾，任何缓冲的数据仍将被刷新。

¥Passing chunk as null signals the end of the stream (EOF) and behaves the same as readable.push(null), after which no more data can be written. The EOF signal is put at the end of the buffer and any buffered data will still be flushed.

readable.unshift() 方法将一大块数据推回内部缓冲区。这在某些情况下很有用，在这种情况下，流正在被需要 "un-consume" 乐观地从源中提取的一些数据的代码使用，以便可以将数据传递给其他方。

¥The readable.unshift() method pushes a chunk of data back into the internal buffer. This is useful in certain situations where a stream is being consumed by code that needs to "un-consume" some amount of data that it has optimistically pulled out of the source, so that the data can be passed on to some other party.

在触发 'end' 事件后不能调用 stream.unshift(chunk) 方法，否则将抛出运行时错误。

¥The stream.unshift(chunk) method cannot be called after the 'end' event has been emitted or a runtime error will be thrown.

经常使用 stream.unshift() 的开发者应该考虑改用 Transform 流。有关详细信息，请参阅 流实现者的 API 部分。

¥Developers using stream.unshift() often should consider switching to use of a Transform stream instead. See the API for stream implementers section for more information.

// Pull off a header delimited by \n\n.
// Use unshift() if we get too much.
// Call the callback with (error, header, stream).
const { StringDecoder } = require('node:string_decoder');
function parseHeader(stream, callback) {
  stream.on('error', callback);
  stream.on('readable', onReadable);
  const decoder = new StringDecoder('utf8');
  let header = '';
  function onReadable() {
    let chunk;
    while (null !== (chunk = stream.read())) {
      const str = decoder.write(chunk);
      if (str.includes('\n\n')) {
        // Found the header boundary.
        const split = str.split(/\n\n/);
        header += split.shift();
        const remaining = split.join('\n\n');
        const buf = Buffer.from(remaining, 'utf8');
        stream.removeListener('error', callback);
        // Remove the 'readable' listener before unshifting.
        stream.removeListener('readable', onReadable);
        if (buf.length)
          stream.unshift(buf);
        // Now the body of the message can be read from the stream.
        callback(null, header, stream);
        return;
      }
      // Still reading the header.
      header += str;
    }
  }
} 拷贝

与 stream.push(chunk) 不同，stream.unshift(chunk) 不会通过重置流的内部读取状态来结束读取过程。如果在读取期间调用 readable.unshift()（即从自定义流上的 stream._read() 实现中调用），这可能会导致意外结果。在调用 readable.unshift() 后立即调用 stream.push('') 将适当地重置读取状态，但是最好避免在执行读取过程中调用 readable.unshift()。

¥Unlike stream.push(chunk), stream.unshift(chunk) will not end the reading process by resetting the internal reading state of the stream. This can cause unexpected results if readable.unshift() is called during a read (i.e. from within a stream._read() implementation on a custom stream). Following the call to readable.unshift() with an immediate stream.push('') will reset the reading state appropriately, however it is best to simply avoid calling readable.unshift() while in the process of performing a read.

readable.wrap(stream)#

• stream <Stream> "老式" 可读流

  ¥stream <Stream> An "old style" readable stream

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

在 Node.js 0.10 之前，流没有实现当前定义的整个 node:stream 模块 API。（有关详细信息，请参阅 兼容性。）

¥Prior to Node.js 0.10, streams did not implement the entire node:stream module API as it is currently defined. (See Compatibility for more information.)

当使用触发 'data' 事件并具有仅供参考的 stream.pause() 方法的旧 Node.js 库时，readable.wrap() 方法可用于创建使用旧流作为其数据源的 Readable 流。

¥When using an older Node.js library that emits 'data' events and has a stream.pause() method that is advisory only, the readable.wrap() method can be used to create a Readable stream that uses the old stream as its data source.

很少需要使用 readable.wrap()，但提供该方法是为了方便与旧的 Node.js 应用和库进行交互。

¥It will rarely be necessary to use readable.wrap() but the method has been provided as a convenience for interacting with older Node.js applications and libraries.

const { OldReader } = require('./old-api-module.js');
const { Readable } = require('node:stream');
const oreader = new OldReader();
const myReader = new Readable().wrap(oreader);

myReader.on('readable', () => {
  myReader.read(); // etc.
}); 拷贝

readable[Symbol.asyncIterator]()#

• 返回：<AsyncIterator> 完全消耗流。

  ¥Returns: <AsyncIterator> to fully consume the stream.

const fs = require('node:fs');

async function print(readable) {
  readable.setEncoding('utf8');
  let data = '';
  for await (const chunk of readable) {
    data += chunk;
  }
  console.log(data);
}

print(fs.createReadStream('file')).catch(console.error); 拷贝

如果循环以 break、return 或 throw 终止，则流将被销毁。换句话说，迭代流将完全消耗流。流将以等于 highWaterMark 选项大小的块读取。在上面的代码示例中，如果文件的数据少于 64 KiB，则数据将位于单个块中，因为没有向 fs.createReadStream() 提供 highWaterMark 选项。

¥If the loop terminates with a break, return, or a throw, the stream will be destroyed. In other terms, iterating over a stream will consume the stream fully. The stream will be read in chunks of size equal to the highWaterMark option. In the code example above, data will be in a single chunk if the file has less then 64 KiB of data because no highWaterMark option is provided to fs.createReadStream().

readable.iterator([options])#

• options <Object>

  • destroyOnReturn <boolean> 当设置为 false 时，在异步迭代器上调用 return 或使用 break、return 或 throw 退出 for await...of 迭代不会销毁流。默认值：true。

    ¥destroyOnReturn <boolean> When set to false, calling return on the async iterator, or exiting a for await...of iteration using a break, return, or throw will not destroy the stream. Default: true.

  • destroyOnError <boolean> 当设置为 false 时，如果流在迭代时触发错误，迭代器将不会销毁流。默认值：true。

    ¥destroyOnError <boolean> When set to false, if the stream emits an error while it's being iterated, the iterator will not destroy the stream. Default: true.

• 返回：<AsyncIterator> 来消费流。

  ¥Returns: <AsyncIterator> to consume the stream.

如果 return、break 或 throw 退出 for await...of 循环，或者如果迭代器在迭代期间流触发错误时应销毁流，则此方法创建的迭代器为用户提供了取消流销毁的选项。

¥The iterator created by this method gives users the option to cancel the destruction of the stream if the for await...of loop is exited by return, break, or throw, or if the iterator should destroy the stream if the stream emitted an error during iteration.

const { Readable } = require('node:stream');

async function printIterator(readable) {
  for await (const chunk of readable.iterator({ destroyOnReturn: false })) {
    console.log(chunk); // 1
    break;
  }

  console.log(readable.destroyed); // false

  for await (const chunk of readable.iterator({ destroyOnReturn: false })) {
    console.log(chunk); // Will print 2 and then 3
  }

  console.log(readable.destroyed); // True, stream was totally consumed
}

async function printSymbolAsyncIterator(readable) {
  for await (const chunk of readable) {
    console.log(chunk); // 1
    break;
  }

  console.log(readable.destroyed); // true
}

async function showBoth() {
  await printIterator(Readable.from([1, 2, 3]));
  await printSymbolAsyncIterator(Readable.from([1, 2, 3]));
}

showBoth(); 拷贝

readable.map(fn[, options])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> 映射流中每个块的函数。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> a function to map over every chunk in the stream.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• options <Object>

  • concurrency <number> 一次调用流的 fn 的最大并发调用数。默认值：1。

    ¥concurrency <number> the maximum concurrent invocation of fn to call on the stream at once. Default: 1.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Readable> 是用函数 fn 映射的流。

  ¥Returns: <Readable> a stream mapped with the function fn.

此方法允许在流上进行映射。将为流中的每个块调用 fn 函数。如果 fn 函数返回一个 promise - 该 promise 在传递到结果流之前将被 await。

¥This method allows mapping over the stream. The fn function will be called for every chunk in the stream. If the fn function returns a promise - that promise will be awaited before being passed to the result stream.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { Resolver } from 'node:dns/promises';

// With a synchronous mapper.
for await (const chunk of Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).map((x) => x * 2)) {
  console.log(chunk); // 2, 4, 6, 8
}
// With an asynchronous mapper, making at most 2 queries at a time.
const resolver = new Resolver();
const dnsResults = Readable.from([
  'nodejs.org',
  'openjsf.org',
  'www.linuxfoundation.org',
]).map((domain) => resolver.resolve4(domain), { concurrency: 2 });
for await (const result of dnsResults) {
  console.log(result); // Logs the DNS result of resolver.resolve4.
} 拷贝

readable.filter(fn[, options])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> 从流中过滤块的函数。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> a function to filter chunks from the stream.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• options <Object>

  • concurrency <number> 一次调用流的 fn 的最大并发调用数。默认值：1。

    ¥concurrency <number> the maximum concurrent invocation of fn to call on the stream at once. Default: 1.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Readable> 使用谓词 fn 过滤的流。

  ¥Returns: <Readable> a stream filtered with the predicate fn.

此方法允许过滤流。对于流中的每个块，将调用 fn 函数，如果它返回真值，则该块将传递到结果流。如果 fn 函数返回一个 promise - 这个 promise 将会被 await。

¥This method allows filtering the stream. For each chunk in the stream the fn function will be called and if it returns a truthy value, the chunk will be passed to the result stream. If the fn function returns a promise - that promise will be awaited.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { Resolver } from 'node:dns/promises';

// With a synchronous predicate.
for await (const chunk of Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).filter((x) => x > 2)) {
  console.log(chunk); // 3, 4
}
// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 queries at a time.
const resolver = new Resolver();
const dnsResults = Readable.from([
  'nodejs.org',
  'openjsf.org',
  'www.linuxfoundation.org',
]).filter(async (domain) => {
  const { address } = await resolver.resolve4(domain, { ttl: true });
  return address.ttl > 60;
}, { concurrency: 2 });
for await (const result of dnsResults) {
  // Logs domains with more than 60 seconds on the resolved dns record.
  console.log(result);
} 拷贝

readable.forEach(fn[, options])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> 调用流的每个块的函数。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> a function to call on each chunk of the stream.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• options <Object>

  • concurrency <number> 一次调用流的 fn 的最大并发调用数。默认值：1。

    ¥concurrency <number> the maximum concurrent invocation of fn to call on the stream at once. Default: 1.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Promise> 流完成时的 promise。

  ¥Returns: <Promise> a promise for when the stream has finished.

此方法允许迭代流。对于流中的每个块，将调用 fn 函数。如果 fn 函数返回一个 promise - 这个 promise 将会被 await。

¥This method allows iterating a stream. For each chunk in the stream the fn function will be called. If the fn function returns a promise - that promise will be awaited.

此方法与 for await...of 循环的不同之处在于它可以选择并发处理块。此外，forEach 迭代只能通过传递 signal 选项并中止相关的 AbortController 来停止，而 for await...of 可以使用 break 或 return 停止。在任何一种情况下，流都将被销毁。

¥This method is different from for await...of loops in that it can optionally process chunks concurrently. In addition, a forEach iteration can only be stopped by having passed a signal option and aborting the related AbortController while for await...of can be stopped with break or return. In either case the stream will be destroyed.

该方法与监听 'data' 事件的不同之处在于，它使用底层机制中的 readable 事件，可以限制并发 fn 调用的数量。

¥This method is different from listening to the 'data' event in that it uses the readable event in the underlying machinary and can limit the number of concurrent fn calls.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { Resolver } from 'node:dns/promises';

// With a synchronous predicate.
for await (const chunk of Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).filter((x) => x > 2)) {
  console.log(chunk); // 3, 4
}
// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 queries at a time.
const resolver = new Resolver();
const dnsResults = await Readable.from([
  'nodejs.org',
  'openjsf.org',
  'www.linuxfoundation.org',
]).map(async (domain) => {
  const { address } = await resolver.resolve4(domain, { ttl: true });
  return address;
}, { concurrency: 2 });
await dnsResults.forEach((result) => {
  // Logs result, similar to `for await (const result of dnsResults)`
  console.log(result);
});
console.log('done'); // Stream has finished 拷贝

readable.toArray([options])#

• options <Object>

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，则允许取消 toArray 操作。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows cancelling the toArray operation if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Promise> 一个包含包含流内容的数组的 Promise。

  ¥Returns: <Promise> a promise containing an array with the contents of the stream.

此方法允许轻松获取流的内容。

¥This method allows easily obtaining the contents of a stream.

由于此方法将整个流读入内存，因此抵消了流的优势。它旨在实现互操作性和便利性，而不是作为消费流的主要方式。

¥As this method reads the entire stream into memory, it negates the benefits of streams. It's intended for interoperability and convenience, not as the primary way to consume streams.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { Resolver } from 'node:dns/promises';

await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).toArray(); // [1, 2, 3, 4]

// Make dns queries concurrently using .map and collect
// the results into an array using toArray
const dnsResults = await Readable.from([
  'nodejs.org',
  'openjsf.org',
  'www.linuxfoundation.org',
]).map(async (domain) => {
  const { address } = await resolver.resolve4(domain, { ttl: true });
  return address;
}, { concurrency: 2 }).toArray(); 拷贝

readable.some(fn[, options])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> 调用流的每个块的函数。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> a function to call on each chunk of the stream.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• options <Object>

  • concurrency <number> 一次调用流的 fn 的最大并发调用数。默认值：1。

    ¥concurrency <number> the maximum concurrent invocation of fn to call on the stream at once. Default: 1.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：如果 fn 至少为其中一个块返回真值，则 <Promise> 是评估 true 的 promise。

  ¥Returns: <Promise> a promise evaluating to true if fn returned a truthy value for at least one of the chunks.

此方法类似于 Array.prototype.some，并在流中的每个块上调用 fn，直到等待的返回值为 true（或任何真值）。一旦对块等待返回值的 fn 调用为真，流就会被销毁，并用 true 实现 promise。如果对块的 fn 调用都没有返回真值，则 promise 由 false 实现。

¥This method is similar to Array.prototype.some and calls fn on each chunk in the stream until the awaited return value is true (or any truthy value). Once an fn call on a chunk awaited return value is truthy, the stream is destroyed and the promise is fulfilled with true. If none of the fn calls on the chunks return a truthy value, the promise is fulfilled with false.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { stat } from 'node:fs/promises';

// With a synchronous predicate.
await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).some((x) => x > 2); // true
await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).some((x) => x < 0); // false

// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 file checks at a time.
const anyBigFile = await Readable.from([
  'file1',
  'file2',
  'file3',
]).some(async (fileName) => {
  const stats = await stat(fileName);
  return stat.size > 1024 * 1024;
}, { concurrency: 2 });
console.log(anyBigFile); // `true` if any file in the list is bigger than 1MB
console.log('done'); // Stream has finished 拷贝

readable.find(fn[, options])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> 调用流的每个块的函数。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> a function to call on each chunk of the stream.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• options <Object>

  • concurrency <number> 一次调用流的 fn 的最大并发调用数。默认值：1。

    ¥concurrency <number> the maximum concurrent invocation of fn to call on the stream at once. Default: 1.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Promise> 是评估第一个块的 promise，其中 fn 使用真值进行评估，如果未找到元素，则评估 undefined。

  ¥Returns: <Promise> a promise evaluating to the first chunk for which fn evaluated with a truthy value, or undefined if no element was found.

此方法类似于 Array.prototype.find，并在流中的每个块上调用 fn 以查找具有 fn 真值的块。一旦 fn 调用的等待返回值是真实的，流就会被销毁，并且 promise 会用 fn 返回真实值的值来实现。如果对块的所有 fn 调用都返回一个假值，则 promise 通过 undefined 实现。

¥This method is similar to Array.prototype.find and calls fn on each chunk in the stream to find a chunk with a truthy value for fn. Once an fn call's awaited return value is truthy, the stream is destroyed and the promise is fulfilled with value for which fn returned a truthy value. If all of the fn calls on the chunks return a falsy value, the promise is fulfilled with undefined.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { stat } from 'node:fs/promises';

// With a synchronous predicate.
await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).find((x) => x > 2); // 3
await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).find((x) => x > 0); // 1
await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).find((x) => x > 10); // undefined

// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 file checks at a time.
const foundBigFile = await Readable.from([
  'file1',
  'file2',
  'file3',
]).find(async (fileName) => {
  const stats = await stat(fileName);
  return stat.size > 1024 * 1024;
}, { concurrency: 2 });
console.log(foundBigFile); // File name of large file, if any file in the list is bigger than 1MB
console.log('done'); // Stream has finished 拷贝

readable.every(fn[, options])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> 调用流的每个块的函数。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> a function to call on each chunk of the stream.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• options <Object>

  • concurrency <number> 一次调用流的 fn 的最大并发调用数。默认值：1。

    ¥concurrency <number> the maximum concurrent invocation of fn to call on the stream at once. Default: 1.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：如果 fn 返回所有块的真值，则 <Promise> 是评估 true 的 promise。

  ¥Returns: <Promise> a promise evaluating to true if fn returned a truthy value for all of the chunks.

此方法类似于 Array.prototype.every，并在流中的每个块上调用 fn，以检查所有等待的返回值是否为 fn 的真值。一旦对块等待返回值的 fn 调用是假的，流就会被销毁，并且 promise 会用 false 实现。如果对块的所有 fn 调用都返回真值，则 promise 通过 true 实现。

¥This method is similar to Array.prototype.every and calls fn on each chunk in the stream to check if all awaited return values are truthy value for fn. Once an fn call on a chunk awaited return value is falsy, the stream is destroyed and the promise is fulfilled with false. If all of the fn calls on the chunks return a truthy value, the promise is fulfilled with true.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { stat } from 'node:fs/promises';

// With a synchronous predicate.
await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).every((x) => x > 2); // false
await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).every((x) => x > 0); // true

// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 file checks at a time.
const allBigFiles = await Readable.from([
  'file1',
  'file2',
  'file3',
]).every(async (fileName) => {
  const stats = await stat(fileName);
  return stat.size > 1024 * 1024;
}, { concurrency: 2 });
// `true` if all files in the list are bigger than 1MiB
console.log(allBigFiles);
console.log('done'); // Stream has finished 拷贝

readable.flatMap(fn[, options])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncGeneratorFunction> | <AsyncFunction> 映射流中每个块的函数。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncGeneratorFunction> | <AsyncFunction> a function to map over every chunk in the stream.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• options <Object>

  • concurrency <number> 一次调用流的 fn 的最大并发调用数。默认值：1。

    ¥concurrency <number> the maximum concurrent invocation of fn to call on the stream at once. Default: 1.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Readable> 是使用函数 fn 进行扁平映射的流。

  ¥Returns: <Readable> a stream flat-mapped with the function fn.

此方法通过将给定回调应用于流的每个块然后展平结果来返回新流。

¥This method returns a new stream by applying the given callback to each chunk of the stream and then flattening the result.

可以从 fn 返回流或另一个可迭代或异步可迭代，结果流将合并（展平）到返回的流中。

¥It is possible to return a stream or another iterable or async iterable from fn and the result streams will be merged (flattened) into the returned stream.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';
import { createReadStream } from 'node:fs';

// With a synchronous mapper.
for await (const chunk of Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).flatMap((x) => [x, x])) {
  console.log(chunk); // 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4
}
// With an asynchronous mapper, combine the contents of 4 files
const concatResult = Readable.from([
  './1.mjs',
  './2.mjs',
  './3.mjs',
  './4.mjs',
]).flatMap((fileName) => createReadStream(fileName));
for await (const result of concatResult) {
  // This will contain the contents (all chunks) of all 4 files
  console.log(result);
} 拷贝

readable.drop(limit[, options])#

• limit <number> 从可读中删除的块数。

  ¥limit <number> the number of chunks to drop from the readable.

• options <Object>

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Readable> 是一个流，其中有 limit 个块被丢弃。

  ¥Returns: <Readable> a stream with limit chunks dropped.

此方法返回一个新流，其中删除了前 limit 个块。

¥This method returns a new stream with the first limit chunks dropped.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';

await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).drop(2).toArray(); // [3, 4] 拷贝

readable.take(limit[, options])#

• limit <number> 从可读块中获取的块数。

  ¥limit <number> the number of chunks to take from the readable.

• options <Object>

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Readable> 是一个带有 limit 块的流。

  ¥Returns: <Readable> a stream with limit chunks taken.

此方法返回一个包含前 limit 个块的新流。

¥This method returns a new stream with the first limit chunks.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';

await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).take(2).toArray(); // [1, 2] 拷贝

readable.asIndexedPairs([options])#

• options <Object>

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Readable> 索引对流。

  ¥Returns: <Readable> a stream of indexed pairs.

此方法返回一个新流，其中包含底层流的块，并与 [index, chunk] 形式的计数器配对。第一个索引值为 0，每生成一个块它就会增加 1。

¥This method returns a new stream with chunks of the underlying stream paired with a counter in the form [index, chunk]. The first index value is 0 and it increases by 1 for each chunk produced.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';

const pairs = await Readable.from(['a', 'b', 'c']).asIndexedPairs().toArray();
console.log(pairs); // [[0, 'a'], [1, 'b'], [2, 'c']] 拷贝

readable.reduce(fn[, initial[, options]])#

• fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> 一个 reducer 函数来调用流中的每个块。

  ¥fn <Function> | <AsyncFunction> a reducer function to call over every chunk in the stream.

  • previous <any> 从最后一次调用 fn 获得的值或 initial 值（如果指定）或流的第一个块。

    ¥previous <any> the value obtained from the last call to fn or the initial value if specified or the first chunk of the stream otherwise.

  • data <any> 来自流的数据块。

    ¥data <any> a chunk of data from the stream.

  • options <Object>

    • signal <AbortSignal> 如果流被销毁则中止，允许提前中止 fn 调用。

      ¥signal <AbortSignal> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to abort the fn call early.

• initial <any> 用于减少的初始值。

  ¥initial <any> the initial value to use in the reduction.

• options <Object>

  • signal <AbortSignal> 如果信号中止，允许销毁流。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows destroying the stream if the signal is aborted.

• 返回：<Promise> 对最终减少值的 promise。

  ¥Returns: <Promise> a promise for the final value of the reduction.

此方法按顺序在流的每个块上调用 fn，将前一个元素的计算结果传递给它。它返回对减少的最终值的 promise。

¥This method calls fn on each chunk of the stream in order, passing it the result from the calculation on the previous element. It returns a promise for the final value of the reduction.

reducer 函数逐个元素地迭代流，这意味着没有 concurrency 参数或并行性。要同时执行 reduce，可以将其链接到 readable.map 方法。

¥The reducer function iterates the stream element-by-element which means that there is no concurrency parameter or parallelism. To perform a reduce concurrently, it can be chained to the readable.map method.

如果没有提供 initial 值，则流的第一个块将用作初始值。如果流为空，则使用 TypeError 和 ERR_INVALID_ARGS 代码属性拒绝 promise。

¥If no initial value is supplied the first chunk of the stream is used as the initial value. If the stream is empty, the promise is rejected with a TypeError with the ERR_INVALID_ARGS code property.

import { Readable } from 'node:stream';

const ten = await Readable.from([1, 2, 3, 4]).reduce((previous, data) => {
  return previous + data;
});
console.log(ten); // 10 拷贝

双工和转换流#

¥Duplex and transform streams

类：stream.Duplex#

¥Class: stream.Duplex

双工流是同时实现 Readable 和 Writable 接口的流。

¥Duplex streams are streams that implement both the Readable and Writable interfaces.

Duplex 流的示例包括：

¥Examples of Duplex streams include:

• TCP 套接字

  ¥TCP sockets

• zlib 流

  ¥zlib streams

• 加密流

  ¥crypto streams

duplex.allowHalfOpen#

• <boolean>

如果为 false，则流将在可读端结束时自动结束可写端。最初由 allowHalfOpen 构造函数选项设置，默认为 true。

¥If false then the stream will automatically end the writable side when the readable side ends. Set initially by the allowHalfOpen constructor option, which defaults to true.

这可以手动更改以更改现有 Duplex 流实例的半打开行为，但必须在触发 'end' 事件之前更改。

¥This can be changed manually to change the half-open behavior of an existing Duplex stream instance, but must be changed before the 'end' event is emitted.

类：stream.Transform#

¥Class: stream.Transform

转换流是 Duplex 流，其中输出以某种方式与输入相关。与所有 Duplex 流一样，Transform 流同时实现 Readable 和 Writable 接口。

¥Transform streams are Duplex streams where the output is in some way related to the input. Like all Duplex streams, Transform streams implement both the Readable and Writable interfaces.

Transform 流的示例包括：

¥Examples of Transform streams include:

• zlib 流

  ¥zlib streams

• 加密流

  ¥crypto streams

transform.destroy([error])#

• error <Error>

• 返回：<this>

  ¥Returns: <this>

销毁流，并可选择触发 'error' 事件。在此调用之后，转换流将释放所有内部资源。实现者不应覆盖此方法，而应实现 readable._destroy()。Transform 的 _destroy() 的默认实现也会触发 'close'，除非 emitClose 设置为 false。

¥Destroy the stream, and optionally emit an 'error' event. After this call, the transform stream would release any internal resources. Implementors should not override this method, but instead implement readable._destroy(). The default implementation of _destroy() for Transform also emit 'close' unless emitClose is set in false.

一旦调用了 destroy()，任何进一步的调用都将是空操作，并且除了 _destroy() 之外的任何其他错误都不会作为 'error' 触发。

¥Once destroy() has been called, any further calls will be a no-op and no further errors except from _destroy() may be emitted as 'error'.

stream.finished(stream[, options], callback)#

• stream <Stream> 可读和/或可写流。

  ¥stream <Stream> A readable and/or writable stream.

• options <Object>

  • error <boolean> 如果设置为 false，则对 emit('error', err) 的调用不会被视为已完成。默认值：true。

    ¥error <boolean> If set to false, then a call to emit('error', err) is not treated as finished. Default: true.

  • readable <boolean> 当设置为 false 时，即使流可能仍然可读，也会在流结束时调用回调。默认值：true。

    ¥readable <boolean> When set to false, the callback will be called when the stream ends even though the stream might still be readable. Default: true.

  • writable <boolean> 当设置为 false 时，即使流可能仍可写，也会在流结束时调用回调。默认值：true。

    ¥writable <boolean> When set to false, the callback will be called when the stream ends even though the stream might still be writable. Default: true.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 允许中止等待流完成。如果信号被中止，底层流将不会被中止。将使用 AbortError 调用回调。此函数添加的所有已注册监听器也将被删除。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> allows aborting the wait for the stream finish. The underlying stream will not be aborted if the signal is aborted. The callback will get called with an AbortError. All registered listeners added by this function will also be removed.

• callback <Function> 采用可选的错误参数的回调函数。

  ¥callback <Function> A callback function that takes an optional error argument.

• 返回：<Function> 清除所有已注册监听器的函数。

  ¥Returns: <Function> A cleanup function which removes all registered listeners.

当流不再可读、不可写或遇到错误或过早关闭事件时获得通知的函数。

¥A function to get notified when a stream is no longer readable, writable or has experienced an error or a premature close event.

const { finished } = require('node:stream');
const fs = require('node:fs');

const rs = fs.createReadStream('archive.tar');

finished(rs, (err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error('Stream failed.', err);
  } else {
    console.log('Stream is done reading.');
  }
});

rs.resume(); // Drain the stream. 拷贝

在流被过早销毁（如中止的 HTTP 请求）并且不会触发 'end' 或 'finish' 的错误处理场景中特别有用。

¥Especially useful in error handling scenarios where a stream is destroyed prematurely (like an aborted HTTP request), and will not emit 'end' or 'finish'.

finished API 提供 promise 版本：

¥The finished API provides promise version:

const { finished } = require('node:stream/promises');
const fs = require('node:fs');

const rs = fs.createReadStream('archive.tar');

async function run() {
  await finished(rs);
  console.log('Stream is done reading.');
}

run().catch(console.error);
rs.resume(); // Drain the stream. 拷贝

stream.finished() 在调用 callback 后离开悬空事件监听器（特别是 'error'、'end'、'finish' 和 'close'）。这样做的原因是意外的 'error' 事件（由于不正确的流实现）不会导致意外的崩溃。如果这是不需要的行为，则需要在回调中调用返回的清理函数：

¥stream.finished() leaves dangling event listeners (in particular 'error', 'end', 'finish' and 'close') after callback has been invoked. The reason for this is so that unexpected 'error' events (due to incorrect stream implementations) do not cause unexpected crashes. If this is unwanted behavior then the returned cleanup function needs to be invoked in the callback:

const cleanup = finished(rs, (err) => {
  cleanup();
  // ...
}); 拷贝

stream.pipeline(source[, ...transforms], destination, callback)#

stream.pipeline(streams, callback)#

• streams <Stream[]> | <Iterable[]> | <AsyncIterable[]> | <Function[]>

• source <Stream> | <Iterable> | <AsyncIterable> | <Function>

  • 返回：<Iterable> | <AsyncIterable>

    ¥Returns: <Iterable> | <AsyncIterable>

• ...transforms <Stream> | <Function>

  • source <AsyncIterable>

  • 返回：<AsyncIterable>

    ¥Returns: <AsyncIterable>

• destination <Stream> | <Function>

  • source <AsyncIterable>

  • 返回：<AsyncIterable> | <Promise>

    ¥Returns: <AsyncIterable> | <Promise>

• callback <Function> 当管道完全完成时调用。

  ¥callback <Function> Called when the pipeline is fully done.

  • err <Error>

  • val destination 返回的 Promise 的解析值。

    ¥val Resolved value of Promise returned by destination.

• 返回：<Stream>

  ¥Returns: <Stream>

一种模块方法，用于在流和生成器之间进行管道转发错误并正确清理并在管道完成时提供回调。

¥A module method to pipe between streams and generators forwarding errors and properly cleaning up and provide a callback when the pipeline is complete.

const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const zlib = require('node:zlib');

// Use the pipeline API to easily pipe a series of streams
// together and get notified when the pipeline is fully done.

// A pipeline to gzip a potentially huge tar file efficiently:

pipeline(
  fs.createReadStream('archive.tar'),
  zlib.createGzip(),
  fs.createWriteStream('archive.tar.gz'),
  (err) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error('Pipeline failed.', err);
    } else {
      console.log('Pipeline succeeded.');
    }
  }
); 拷贝

pipeline API 提供了一个 promise 版本，它还可以接收一个选项参数作为具有 signal <AbortSignal> 属性的最后一个参数。当信号中止时，将在底层管道上调用 destroy，并带有 AbortError。

¥The pipeline API provides a promise version, which can also receive an options argument as the last parameter with a signal <AbortSignal> property. When the signal is aborted, destroy will be called on the underlying pipeline, with an AbortError.

const { pipeline } = require('node:stream/promises');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const zlib = require('node:zlib');

async function run() {
  await pipeline(
    fs.createReadStream('archive.tar'),
    zlib.createGzip(),
    fs.createWriteStream('archive.tar.gz')
  );
  console.log('Pipeline succeeded.');
}

run().catch(console.error); 拷贝

要使用 AbortSignal，请将其作为最后一个参数传递到选项对象中：

¥To use an AbortSignal, pass it inside an options object, as the last argument:

const { pipeline } = require('node:stream/promises');
const fs = require('node:fs');
const zlib = require('node:zlib');

async function run() {
  const ac = new AbortController();
  const signal = ac.signal;

  setTimeout(() => ac.abort(), 1);
  await pipeline(
    fs.createReadStream('archive.tar'),
    zlib.createGzip(),
    fs.createWriteStream('archive.tar.gz'),
    { signal },
  );
}

run().catch(console.error); // AbortError 拷贝

pipeline API 还支持异步生成器：

¥The pipeline API also supports async generators:

const { pipeline } = require('node:stream/promises');
const fs = require('node:fs');

async function run() {
  await pipeline(
    fs.createReadStream('lowercase.txt'),
    async function* (source, { signal }) {
      source.setEncoding('utf8');  // Work with strings rather than `Buffer`s.
      for await (const chunk of source) {
        yield await processChunk(chunk, { signal });
      }
    },
    fs.createWriteStream('uppercase.txt')
  );
  console.log('Pipeline succeeded.');
}

run().catch(console.error); 拷贝

记得处理传入异步生成器的 signal 参数。特别是在异步生成器是管道的来源（即第一个参数）或管道永远不会完成的情况下。

¥Remember to handle the signal argument passed into the async generator. Especially in the case where the async generator is the source for the pipeline (i.e. first argument) or the pipeline will never complete.

const { pipeline } = require('node:stream/promises');
const fs = require('node:fs');

async function run() {
  await pipeline(
    async function* ({ signal }) {
      await someLongRunningfn({ signal });
      yield 'asd';
    },
    fs.createWriteStream('uppercase.txt')
  );
  console.log('Pipeline succeeded.');
}

run().catch(console.error); 拷贝

stream.pipeline() 将在所有流上调用 stream.destroy(err)，除了：

¥stream.pipeline() will call stream.destroy(err) on all streams except:

• 已触发 'end' 或 'close' 的 Readable 流。

  ¥Readable streams which have emitted 'end' or 'close'.

• 已触发 'finish' 或 'close' 的 Writable 流。

  ¥Writable streams which have emitted 'finish' or 'close'.

在调用 callback 后，stream.pipeline() 在流上留下悬空事件监听器。在失败后重用流的情况下，这可能会导致事件监听器泄漏和吞噬错误。

¥stream.pipeline() leaves dangling event listeners on the streams after the callback has been invoked. In the case of reuse of streams after failure, this can cause event listener leaks and swallowed errors.

stream.pipeline() 在出现错误时关闭所有流。将 IncomingRequest 与 pipeline 一起使用可能会导致意外行为，因为它会销毁套接字而不发送预期的响应。请参见下面的示例：

¥stream.pipeline() closes all the streams when an error is raised. The IncomingRequest usage with pipeline could lead to an unexpected behavior once it would destroy the socket without sending the expected response. See the example below:

const fs = require('node:fs');
const http = require('node:http');
const { pipeline } = require('node:stream');

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  const fileStream = fs.createReadStream('./fileNotExist.txt');
  pipeline(fileStream, res, (err) => {
    if (err) {
      console.log(err); // No such file
      // this message can't be sent once `pipeline` already destroyed the socket
      return res.end('error!!!');
    }
  });
}); 拷贝

stream.compose(...streams)#

• streams <Stream[]> | <Iterable[]> | <AsyncIterable[]> | <Function[]>

• 返回：<stream.Duplex>

  ¥Returns: <stream.Duplex>

将两个或多个流组合成一个 Duplex 流，该流写入第一个流并从最后一个流读取。每个提供的流都使用 stream.pipeline 通过管道传输到下一个。如果任何流出错，则所有流都将被销毁，包括外部 Duplex 流。

¥Combines two or more streams into a Duplex stream that writes to the first stream and reads from the last. Each provided stream is piped into the next, using stream.pipeline. If any of the streams error then all are destroyed, including the outer Duplex stream.

因为 stream.compose 返回一个新流，该流又可以（并且应该）通过管道传输到其他流中，所以它启用了组合。相反，当将流传递给 stream.pipeline 时，通常第一个流是可读流，最后一个流是可写流，形成一个闭合回路。

¥Because stream.compose returns a new stream that in turn can (and should) be piped into other streams, it enables composition. In contrast, when passing streams to stream.pipeline, typically the first stream is a readable stream and the last a writable stream, forming a closed circuit.

如果传递 Function，它必须是采用 source Iterable 的工厂方法。

¥If passed a Function it must be a factory method taking a source Iterable.

import { compose, Transform } from 'node:stream';

const removeSpaces = new Transform({
  transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
    callback(null, String(chunk).replace(' ', ''));
  }
});

async function* toUpper(source) {
  for await (const chunk of source) {
    yield String(chunk).toUpperCase();
  }
}

let res = '';
for await (const buf of compose(removeSpaces, toUpper).end('hello world')) {
  res += buf;
}

console.log(res); // prints 'HELLOWORLD' 拷贝

stream.compose 可用于将异步迭代器、生成器和函数转换为流。

¥stream.compose can be used to convert async iterables, generators and functions into streams.

• AsyncIterable 转换为可读的 Duplex。无法生成 null。

  ¥AsyncIterable converts into a readable Duplex. Cannot yield null.

• AsyncGeneratorFunction 转换为可读/可写的转换 Duplex。必须将源 AsyncIterable 作为第一个参数。无法生成 null。

  ¥AsyncGeneratorFunction converts into a readable/writable transform Duplex. Must take a source AsyncIterable as first parameter. Cannot yield null.

• AsyncFunction 转换为可写的 Duplex。必须返回 null 或 undefined。

  ¥AsyncFunction converts into a writable Duplex. Must return either null or undefined.

import { compose } from 'node:stream';
import { finished } from 'node:stream/promises';

// Convert AsyncIterable into readable Duplex.
const s1 = compose(async function*() {
  yield 'Hello';
  yield 'World';
}());

// Convert AsyncGenerator into transform Duplex.
const s2 = compose(async function*(source) {
  for await (const chunk of source) {
    yield String(chunk).toUpperCase();
  }
});

let res = '';

// Convert AsyncFunction into writable Duplex.
const s3 = compose(async function(source) {
  for await (const chunk of source) {
    res += chunk;
  }
});

await finished(compose(s1, s2, s3));

console.log(res); // prints 'HELLOWORLD' 拷贝

stream.Readable.from(iterable[, options])#

• iterable <Iterable> 实现 Symbol.asyncIterator 或 Symbol.iterator 可迭代协议的对象。如果传递空值，则触发 'error' 事件。

  ¥iterable <Iterable> Object implementing the Symbol.asyncIterator or Symbol.iterator iterable protocol. Emits an 'error' event if a null value is passed.

• options <Object> 提供给 new stream.Readable([options]) 的选项。默认情况下，Readable.from() 会将 options.objectMode 设置为 true，除非通过将 options.objectMode 设置为 false 明确选择退出。

  ¥options <Object> Options provided to new stream.Readable([options]). By default, Readable.from() will set options.objectMode to true, unless this is explicitly opted out by setting options.objectMode to false.

• 返回：<stream.Readable>

  ¥Returns: <stream.Readable>

用于从迭代器中创建可读流的实用方法。

¥A utility method for creating readable streams out of iterators.

const { Readable } = require('node:stream');

async function * generate() {
  yield 'hello';
  yield 'streams';
}

const readable = Readable.from(generate());

readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
  console.log(chunk);
}); 拷贝

出于性能原因，调用 Readable.from(string) 或 Readable.from(buffer) 不会迭代字符串或缓冲区以匹配其他流语义。

¥Calling Readable.from(string) or Readable.from(buffer) will not have the strings or buffers be iterated to match the other streams semantics for performance reasons.

stream.Readable.isDisturbed(stream)#

• stream <stream.Readable> | <ReadableStream>

• 返回：boolean

  ¥Returns: boolean

返回流是否已被读取或取消。

¥Returns whether the stream has been read from or cancelled.

stream.isErrored(stream)#

• stream <Readable> | <Writable> | <Duplex> | <WritableStream> | <ReadableStream>

• 返回：<boolean>

  ¥Returns: <boolean>

返回流是否遇到错误。

¥Returns whether the stream has encountered an error.

stream.isReadable(stream)#

• stream <Readable> | <Duplex> | <ReadableStream>

• 返回：<boolean>

  ¥Returns: <boolean>

返回流是否可读。

¥Returns whether the stream is readable.

stream.Readable.toWeb(streamReadable)#

• streamReadable <stream.Readable>

• 返回：<ReadableStream>

  ¥Returns: <ReadableStream>

stream.Writable.fromWeb(writableStream[, options])#

• writableStream <WritableStream>

• options <Object>

  • decodeStrings <boolean>

  • highWaterMark <number>

  • objectMode <boolean>

  • signal <AbortSignal>

• 返回：<stream.Writable>

  ¥Returns: <stream.Writable>

stream.Writable.toWeb(streamWritable)#

• streamWritable <stream.Writable>

• 返回：<WritableStream>

  ¥Returns: <WritableStream>

stream.Duplex.from(src)#

• src <Stream> | <Blob> | <ArrayBuffer> | <string> | <Iterable> | <AsyncIterable> | <AsyncGeneratorFunction> | <AsyncFunction> | <Promise> | <Object>

用于创建双工流的实用方法。

¥A utility method for creating duplex streams.

• Stream 将可写流转换为可写的 Duplex，将可读流转换为 Duplex。

  ¥Stream converts writable stream into writable Duplex and readable stream to Duplex.

• Blob 转换为可读的 Duplex。

  ¥Blob converts into readable Duplex.

• string 转换为可读的 Duplex。

  ¥string converts into readable Duplex.

• ArrayBuffer 转换为可读的 Duplex。

  ¥ArrayBuffer converts into readable Duplex.

• AsyncIterable 转换为可读的 Duplex。无法生成 null。

  ¥AsyncIterable converts into a readable Duplex. Cannot yield null.

• AsyncGeneratorFunction 转换为可读/可写的转换 Duplex。必须将源 AsyncIterable 作为第一个参数。无法生成 null。

  ¥AsyncGeneratorFunction converts into a readable/writable transform Duplex. Must take a source AsyncIterable as first parameter. Cannot yield null.

• AsyncFunction 转换为可写的 Duplex。必须返回 null 或 undefined

  ¥AsyncFunction converts into a writable Duplex. Must return either null or undefined

• Object ({ writable, readable }) 将 readable 和 writable 转换为 Stream，然后将它们组合成 Duplex，其中 Duplex 将写入 writable 并从 readable 读取。

  ¥Object ({ writable, readable }) converts readable and writable into Stream and then combines them into Duplex where the Duplex will write to the writable and read from the readable.

• Promise 转换为可读的 Duplex。忽略值 null。

  ¥Promise converts into readable Duplex. Value null is ignored.

• 返回：<stream.Duplex>

  ¥Returns: <stream.Duplex>

stream.addAbortSignal(signal, stream)#

• signal <AbortSignal> 代表可能取消的信号

  ¥signal <AbortSignal> A signal representing possible cancellation

• stream <Stream> 附加信号的流

  ¥stream <Stream> a stream to attach a signal to

将 AbortSignal 附加到可读或可写流。这允许代码使用 AbortController 控制流销毁。

¥Attaches an AbortSignal to a readable or writeable stream. This lets code control stream destruction using an AbortController.

在与传递的 AbortSignal 对应的 AbortController 上调用 abort 的行为与在流上调用 .destroy(new AbortError()) 的行为相同。

¥Calling abort on the AbortController corresponding to the passed AbortSignal will behave the same way as calling .destroy(new AbortError()) on the stream.

const fs = require('node:fs');

const controller = new AbortController();
const read = addAbortSignal(
  controller.signal,
  fs.createReadStream(('object.json'))
);
// Later, abort the operation closing the stream
controller.abort(); 拷贝

或者使用带有可读流的 AbortSignal 作为异步可迭代对象：

¥Or using an AbortSignal with a readable stream as an async iterable:

const controller = new AbortController();
setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 10_000); // set a timeout
const stream = addAbortSignal(
  controller.signal,
  fs.createReadStream(('object.json'))
);
(async () => {
  try {
    for await (const chunk of stream) {
      await process(chunk);
    }
  } catch (e) {
    if (e.name === 'AbortError') {
      // The operation was cancelled
    } else {
      throw e;
    }
  }
})(); 拷贝

流实现者的 API#

¥API for stream implementers

node:stream 模块 API 旨在使使用 JavaScript 的原型继承模型轻松实现流成为可能。

¥The node:stream module API has been designed to make it possible to easily implement streams using JavaScript's prototypal inheritance model.

首先，流开发者会声明一个新的 JavaScript 类，它扩展四个基本流类（stream.Writable、stream.Readable、stream.Duplex 或 stream.Transform）之一，确保它们调用适当的父类构造函数：

¥First, a stream developer would declare a new JavaScript class that extends one of the four basic stream classes (stream.Writable, stream.Readable, stream.Duplex, or stream.Transform), making sure they call the appropriate parent class constructor:

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

class MyWritable extends Writable {
  constructor({ highWaterMark, ...options }) {
    super({ highWaterMark });
    // ...
  }
} 拷贝

扩展流时，请记住在将这些选项转发给基本构造函数之前用户可以并且应该提供哪些选项。例如，如果实现对 autoDestroy 和 emitClose 选项做出假设，则不允许用户覆盖这些。明确转发哪些选项，而不是隐式转发所有选项。

¥When extending streams, keep in mind what options the user can and should provide before forwarding these to the base constructor. For example, if the implementation makes assumptions in regard to the autoDestroy and emitClose options, do not allow the user to override these. Be explicit about what options are forwarded instead of implicitly forwarding all options.

然后，新的流类必须实现一个或多个特定方法，具体取决于正在创建的流的类型，如下表所详述：

¥The new stream class must then implement one or more specific methods, depending on the type of stream being created, as detailed in the chart below:

流的实现代码不应该调用旨在供消费者使用的流的 "public" 方法（如 流消费者的 API 部分所述）。这样做可能会对使用流的应用代码产生不利的副作用。

¥The implementation code for a stream should never call the "public" methods of a stream that are intended for use by consumers (as described in the API for stream consumers section). Doing so may lead to adverse side effects in application code consuming the stream.

避免覆盖 write()、end()、cork()、uncork()、read() 和 destroy() 等公共方法，或触发 'error'、'data'、'end'、'finish' 和 'close' 到 .emit() 等内部事件。这样做会销毁当前和未来的流不变量，从而导致与其他流、流实用程序和用户期望的行为和/或兼容性问题。

¥Avoid overriding public methods such as write(), end(), cork(), uncork(), read() and destroy(), or emitting internal events such as 'error', 'data', 'end', 'finish' and 'close' through .emit(). Doing so can break current and future stream invariants leading to behavior and/or compatibility issues with other streams, stream utilities, and user expectations.

简化结构#

¥Simplified construction

对于许多简单的情况，可以在不依赖继承的情况下创建流。这可以通过直接创建 stream.Writable、stream.Readable、stream.Duplex 或 stream.Transform 对象的实例并将适当的方法作为构造函数选项传递来实现。

¥For many simple cases, it is possible to create a stream without relying on inheritance. This can be accomplished by directly creating instances of the stream.Writable, stream.Readable, stream.Duplex, or stream.Transform objects and passing appropriate methods as constructor options.

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

const myWritable = new Writable({
  construct(callback) {
    // Initialize state and load resources...
  },
  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
    // ...
  },
  destroy() {
    // Free resources...
  }
}); 拷贝

实现可写流#

¥Implementing a writable stream

stream.Writable 类被扩展以实现 Writable 流。

¥The stream.Writable class is extended to implement a Writable stream.

自定义 Writable 流必须调用 new stream.Writable([options]) 构造函数并实现 writable._write() 和/或 writable._writev() 方法。

¥Custom Writable streams must call the new stream.Writable([options]) constructor and implement the writable._write() and/or writable._writev() method.

new stream.Writable([options])#

• options <Object>

  • highWaterMark <number> stream.write() 开始返回 false 时的缓冲级别。默认值：16384 (16 KiB)，或 16 用于 objectMode 流。

    ¥highWaterMark <number> Buffer level when stream.write() starts returning false. Default: 16384 (16 KiB), or 16 for objectMode streams.

  • decodeStrings <boolean> 是否将传递给 stream.write() 的 string 编码为 Buffer（使用 stream.write() 调用中指定的编码），然后再将它们传递给 stream._write()。不转换其他类型的数据（即 Buffer 不解码为 string）。设置为 false 将阻止 string 被转换。默认值：true。

    ¥decodeStrings <boolean> Whether to encode strings passed to stream.write() to Buffers (with the encoding specified in the stream.write() call) before passing them to stream._write(). Other types of data are not converted (i.e. Buffers are not decoded into strings). Setting to false will prevent strings from being converted. Default: true.

  • defaultEncoding <string> 当没有将编码指定为 stream.write() 的参数时使用的默认编码。默认值：'utf8'。

    ¥defaultEncoding <string> The default encoding that is used when no encoding is specified as an argument to stream.write(). Default: 'utf8'.

  • objectMode <boolean> stream.write(anyObj) 是否为有效操作。设置后，如果流实现支持，则可以写入字符串、Buffer 或 Uint8Array 以外的 JavaScript 值。默认值：false。

    ¥objectMode <boolean> Whether or not the stream.write(anyObj) is a valid operation. When set, it becomes possible to write JavaScript values other than string, Buffer or Uint8Array if supported by the stream implementation. Default: false.

  • emitClose <boolean> 流被销毁后是否应该触发 'close'。默认值：true。

    ¥emitClose <boolean> Whether or not the stream should emit 'close' after it has been destroyed. Default: true.

  • write <Function> stream._write() 方法的实现。

    ¥write <Function> Implementation for the stream._write() method.

  • writev <Function> stream._writev() 方法的实现。

    ¥writev <Function> Implementation for the stream._writev() method.

  • destroy <Function> stream._destroy() 方法的实现。

    ¥destroy <Function> Implementation for the stream._destroy() method.

  • final <Function> stream._final() 方法的实现。

    ¥final <Function> Implementation for the stream._final() method.

  • construct <Function> stream._construct() 方法的实现。

    ¥construct <Function> Implementation for the stream._construct() method.

  • autoDestroy <boolean> 此流是否应在结束后自动调用自身的 .destroy()。默认值：true。

    ¥autoDestroy <boolean> Whether this stream should automatically call .destroy() on itself after ending. Default: true.

  • signal <AbortSignal> 表示可能取消的信号。

    ¥signal <AbortSignal> A signal representing possible cancellation.

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

class MyWritable extends Writable {
  constructor(options) {
    // Calls the stream.Writable() constructor.
    super(options);
    // ...
  }
} 拷贝

或者，当使用 ES6 之前的样式构造函数时：

¥Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');
const util = require('node:util');

function MyWritable(options) {
  if (!(this instanceof MyWritable))
    return new MyWritable(options);
  Writable.call(this, options);
}
util.inherits(MyWritable, Writable); 拷贝

或者，使用简化的构造函数方法：

¥Or, using the simplified constructor approach:

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

const myWritable = new Writable({
  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
    // ...
  },
  writev(chunks, callback) {
    // ...
  }
}); 拷贝

在对应于传递的 AbortSignal 的 AbortController 上调用 abort 的行为方式与在可写流上调用 .destroy(new AbortError()) 的方式相同。

¥Calling abort on the AbortController corresponding to the passed AbortSignal will behave the same way as calling .destroy(new AbortError()) on the writeable stream.

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');

const controller = new AbortController();
const myWritable = new Writable({
  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
    // ...
  },
  writev(chunks, callback) {
    // ...
  },
  signal: controller.signal
});
// Later, abort the operation closing the stream
controller.abort(); 拷贝

writable._construct(callback)#

• callback <Function> 当流完成初始化时调用此函数（可选地带有错误参数）。

  ¥callback <Function> Call this function (optionally with an error argument) when the stream has finished initializing.

不得直接调用 _construct() 方法。它可能由子类实现，如果是这样，将仅由内部 Writable 类方法调用。

¥The _construct() method MUST NOT be called directly. It may be implemented by child classes, and if so, will be called by the internal Writable class methods only.

这个可选函数将在流构造函数返回后立即调用，延迟任何 _write()、_final() 和 _destroy() 调用，直到调用 callback。这对于在使用流之前初始化状态或异步初始化资源很有用。

¥This optional function will be called in a tick after the stream constructor has returned, delaying any _write(), _final() and _destroy() calls until callback is called. This is useful to initialize state or asynchronously initialize resources before the stream can be used.

const { Writable } = require('node:stream');
const fs = require('node:fs');

class WriteStream extends Writable {
  constructor(filename) {
    super();
    this.filename = filename;
    this.fd = null;
  }
  _construct(callback) {
    fs.open(this.filename, (err, fd) => {
      if (err) {
        callback(err);
      } else {
        this.fd = fd;
        callback();
      }
    });
  }
  _write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
    fs.write(this.fd, chunk, callback);
  }
  _destroy(err, callback) {
    if (this.fd) {
      fs.close(this.fd, (er) => callback(er || err));
    } else {
      callback(err);
    }
  }
} 拷贝

writable._write(chunk, encoding, callback)#

• chunk <Buffer> | <string> | <any> 要写入的 Buffer，从 string 转换为 stream.write()。如果流的 decodeStrings 选项是 false 或者流在对象模式下运行，则块将不会被转换并且将是传递给 stream.write() 的任何内容。

  ¥chunk <Buffer> | <string> | <any> The Buffer to be written, converted from the string passed to stream.write(). If the stream's decodeStrings option is false or the stream is operating in object mode, the chunk will not be converted & will be whatever was passed to stream.write().

• encoding <string> 如果块是字符串，则 encoding 是该字符串的字符编码。如果块是 Buffer，或者如果流以对象模式运行，则 encoding 可能会被忽略。

  ¥encoding <string> If the chunk is a string, then encoding is the character encoding of that string. If chunk is a Buffer, or if the stream is operating in object mode, encoding may be ignored.

• callback <Function> 当对提供的块的处理完成时调用此函数（可选地带有错误参数）。

  ¥callback <Function> Call this function (optionally with an error argument) when processing is complete for the supplied chunk.

所有 Writable 流实现都必须提供 writable._write() 和/或 writable._writev() 方法来将数据发送到底层资源。

¥All Writable stream implementations must provide a writable._write() and/or writable._writev() method to send data to the underlying resource.

Transform 流提供了它们自己的 writable._write() 实现。

¥Transform streams provide their own implementation of the writable._write().

此函数不得由应用代码直接调用。它应该由子类实现，并且只能由内部 Writable 类方法调用。

¥This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly. It should be implemented by child classes, and called by the internal Writable class methods only.