异步流控制

async1(function (input, result1) {
  async2(function (result2) {
    async3(function (result3) {
      async4(function (result4) {
        async5(function (output) {
          // do something with output
        });
      });
    });
  });
});

function final(someInput, callback) {
  callback(`${someInput} and terminated by executing callback `);
}

function middleware(someInput, callback) {
  return final(`${someInput} touched by middleware `, callback);
}

function initiate() {
  const someInput = 'hello this is a function ';
  middleware(someInput, function (result) {
    console.log(result);
    // requires callback to `return` result
  });
}

initiate();

function getSong() {
  let _song = '';
  let i = 100;
  for (i; i > 0; i -= 1) {
    _song += `${i} beers on the wall, you take one down and pass it around, ${
      i - 1
    } bottles of beer on the wall\n`;
    if (i === 1) {
      _song += "Hey let's get some more beer";
    }
  }

  return _song;
}

function singSong(_song) {
  if (!_song) {
    throw new Error("song is '' empty, FEED ME A SONG!");
  }

  console.log(_song);
}

const song = getSong();
// this will work
singSong(song);

function getSong() {
  let _song = '';
  let i = 100;
  for (i; i > 0; i -= 1) {
    setTimeout(function () {
      _song += `${i} beers on the wall, you take one down and pass it around, ${
        i - 1
      } bottles of beer on the wall\n`;
      if (i === 1) {
        _song += "Hey let's get some more beer";
      }
    }, 0);
  }

  return _song;
}

function singSong(_song) {
  if (!_song) {
    throw new Error("song is '' empty, FEED ME A SONG!");
  }

  console.log(_song);
}

const song = getSong('beer');
// this will not work
singSong(song);
// Uncaught Error: song is '' empty, FEED ME A SONG!

// operations defined elsewhere and ready to execute
const operations = [
  { func: function1, args: args1 },
  { func: function2, args: args2 },
  { func: function3, args: args3 },
];

function executeFunctionWithArgs(operation, callback) {
  // executes function
  const { args, func } = operation;
  func(args, callback);
}

function serialProcedure(operation) {
  if (!operation) {
    process.exit(0); // finished
  }

  executeFunctionWithArgs(operation, function (result) {
    // continue AFTER callback
    serialProcedure(operations.shift());
  });
}

serialProcedure(operations.shift());

let successCount = 0;

function final() {
  console.log(`dispatched ${successCount} emails`);
  console.log('finished');
}

function dispatch(recipient, callback) {
  // `sendMail` is a hypothetical SMTP client
  sendMail(
    {
      subject: 'Dinner tonight',
      message: 'We have lots of cabbage on the plate. You coming?',
      smtp: recipient.email,
    },
    callback
  );
}

function sendOneMillionEmailsOnly() {
  getListOfTenMillionGreatEmails(function (err, bigList) {
    if (err) {
      throw err;
    }

    function serial(recipient) {
      if (!recipient || successCount >= 1000000) {
        return final();
      }

      dispatch(recipient, function (_err) {
        if (!_err) {
          successCount += 1;
        }

        serial(bigList.pop());
      });
    }

    serial(bigList.pop());
  });
}

sendOneMillionEmailsOnly();

let count = 0;
let success = 0;
const failed = [];
const recipients = [
  { name: 'Bart', email: 'bart@tld' },
  { name: 'Marge', email: 'marge@tld' },
  { name: 'Homer', email: 'homer@tld' },
  { name: 'Lisa', email: 'lisa@tld' },
  { name: 'Maggie', email: 'maggie@tld' },
];

function dispatch(recipient, callback) {
  // `sendMail` is a hypothetical SMTP client
  sendMail(
    {
      subject: 'Dinner tonight',
      message: 'We have lots of cabbage on the plate. You coming?',
      smtp: recipient.email,
    },
    callback
  );
}

function final(result) {
  console.log(`Result: ${result.count} attempts \
      & ${result.success} succeeded emails`);
  if (result.failed.length) {
    console.log(`Failed to send to: \
        \n${result.failed.join('\n')}\n`);
  }
}

recipients.forEach(function (recipient) {
  dispatch(recipient, function (err) {
    if (!err) {
      success += 1;
    } else {
      failed.push(recipient.name);
    }
    count += 1;

    if (count === recipients.length) {
      final({
        count,
        success,
        failed,
      });
    }
  });
});