assert.throws(fn[, error][, message])

• fn <Function>
• error <RegExp> | <Function> | <Object> | <Error>
• message <string>

期望函数 fn 抛出错误。

如果指定，则 error 可以是 Class、RegExp、验证函数、其中每个属性都将进行严格深度相等测试的验证对象，或者其中每个属性（包括不可枚举的 message和 name 属性）都将进行严格深度相等测试的错误实例。 使用对象时，也可以使用正则表达式来验证字符串属性。 有关示例，请参见下文。

如果指定，且如果 fn 调用失败或错误验证失败，则 message 将附加到 AssertionError 提供的消息。

自定义验证对象/错误实例：

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

const err = new TypeError('Wrong value');
err.code = 404;
err.foo = 'bar';
err.info = {
  nested: true,
  baz: 'text'
};
err.reg = /abc/i;

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    name: 'TypeError',
    message: 'Wrong value',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      baz: 'text'
    }
    // 只会测试验证对象上的属性。
    // 使用嵌套对象需要存在所有属性。
    // 否则验证将失败。
  }
);

// 使用正则表达式验证错误属性：
assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    // `name` 和 `message` 属性是字符串，在这些属性上使用正则表达式将匹配字符串。
    // 如果失败，则会抛出错误。
    name: /^TypeError$/,
    message: /Wrong/,
    foo: 'bar',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      // 不能对嵌套属性使用正则表达式！
      baz: 'text'
    },
    // `reg` 属性包含正则表达式，只有当验证对象包含相同的正则表达式时，它才会通过。
    reg: /abc/i
  }
);

// 由于不同的 `message` 和 `name` 属性而失败：
assert.throws(
  () => {
    const otherErr = new Error('Not found');
    // 将所有可枚举属性从 `err` 复制到 `otherErr`。
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(err)) {
      otherErr[key] = value;
    }
    throw otherErr;
  },
  // 当使用错误作为验证对象时，错误的 `message` 和 `name` 属性也将被检查。
  err
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

const err = new TypeError('Wrong value');
err.code = 404;
err.foo = 'bar';
err.info = {
  nested: true,
  baz: 'text'
};
err.reg = /abc/i;

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    name: 'TypeError',
    message: 'Wrong value',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      baz: 'text'
    }
    // 只会测试验证对象上的属性。
    // 使用嵌套对象需要存在所有属性。
    // 否则验证将失败。
  }
);

// 使用正则表达式验证错误属性：
assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    // `name` 和 `message` 属性是字符串，在这些属性上使用正则表达式将匹配字符串。
    // 如果失败，则会抛出错误。
    name: /^TypeError$/,
    message: /Wrong/,
    foo: 'bar',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      // 不能对嵌套属性使用正则表达式！
      baz: 'text'
    },
    // `reg` 属性包含正则表达式，只有当验证对象包含相同的正则表达式时，它才会通过。
    reg: /abc/i
  }
);

// 由于不同的 `message` 和 `name` 属性而失败：
assert.throws(
  () => {
    const otherErr = new Error('Not found');
    // 将所有可枚举属性从 `err` 复制到 `otherErr`。
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(err)) {
      otherErr[key] = value;
    }
    throw otherErr;
  },
  // 当使用错误作为验证对象时，错误的 `message` 和 `name` 属性也将被检查。
  err
);

使用构造函数验证 instanceof：

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  Error
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  Error
);

使用 RegExp 验证错误消息：

使用正则表达式在错误对象上运行 .toString，因此还将包含错误名称。

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  /^Error: Wrong value$/
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  /^Error: Wrong value$/
);

自定义错误验证：

该函数必须返回 true 以指示通过了所有内部验证。 否则它将因 AssertionError 而失败。

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  (err) => {
    assert(err instanceof Error);
    assert(/value/.test(err));
    // 避免从验证函数返回除 `true` 之外的任何内容。
    // 否则，不清楚验证的哪一部分失败。而是，抛出有关失败的特定验证的错误（如本示例中所做的那样），并尽可能多地向该错误添加有用的调试信息。
    return true;
  },
  'unexpected error'
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  (err) => {
    assert(err instanceof Error);
    assert(/value/.test(err));
    // 避免从验证函数返回除 `true` 之外的任何内容。
    // 否则，不清楚验证的哪一部分失败。而是，抛出有关失败的特定验证的错误（如本示例中所做的那样），并尽可能多地向该错误添加有用的调试信息。
    return true;
  },
  'unexpected error'
);

error 不能是字符串。 如果提供字符串作为第二个参数，则假定 error 被省略，而该字符串将用于 message。 这可能会导致容易遗漏的错误。 使用与抛出的错误消息相同的消息将导致 ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT 错误。 如果考虑使用字符串作为第二个参数，则请仔细阅读下面的示例：

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

function throwingFirst() {
  throw new Error('First');
}

function throwingSecond() {
  throw new Error('Second');
}

function notThrowing() {}

// 第二个参数是字符串，且输入函数抛出错误。
// 第一种情况不会抛出错误，因为它与输入函数抛出的错误消息不匹配！
assert.throws(throwingFirst, 'Second');
// 在下一个示例中，该消息与错误消息相比没有任何好处，并且由于不清楚用户是否打算实际匹配错误消息，Node.js 会抛出 `ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT` 错误。
assert.throws(throwingSecond, 'Second');
// TypeError [ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT]

// 该字符串仅在函数不抛出的情况下（作为消息）使用：
assert.throws(notThrowing, 'Second');
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Missing expected exception: Second

// 如果它旨在匹配错误消息，则执行以下操作：
// 它不会抛出错误，因为错误消息匹配。
assert.throws(throwingSecond, /Second$/);

// 如果错误消息不匹配，则抛出 AssertionError。
assert.throws(throwingFirst, /Second$/);
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

function throwingFirst() {
  throw new Error('First');
}

function throwingSecond() {
  throw new Error('Second');
}

function notThrowing() {}

// 第二个参数是字符串，且输入函数抛出错误。
// 第一种情况不会抛出错误，因为它与输入函数抛出的错误消息不匹配！
assert.throws(throwingFirst, 'Second');
// 在下一个示例中，该消息与错误消息相比没有任何好处，并且由于不清楚用户是否打算实际匹配错误消息，Node.js 会抛出 `ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT` 错误。
assert.throws(throwingSecond, 'Second');
// TypeError [ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT]

// 该字符串仅在函数不抛出的情况下（作为消息）使用：
assert.throws(notThrowing, 'Second');
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Missing expected exception: Second

// 如果它旨在匹配错误消息，则执行以下操作：
// 它不会抛出错误，因为错误消息匹配。
assert.throws(throwingSecond, /Second$/);

// 如果错误消息不匹配，则抛出 AssertionError。
assert.throws(throwingFirst, /Second$/);
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]

由于容易混淆的符号，请避免将字符串作为第二个参数。

• fn <Function>
• error <RegExp> | <Function> | <Object> | <Error>
• message <string>

Expects the function fn to throw an error.

If specified, error can be a Class, RegExp, a validation function, a validation object where each property will be tested for strict deep equality, or an instance of error where each property will be tested for strict deep equality including the non-enumerable message and name properties. When using an object, it is also possible to use a regular expression, when validating against a string property. See below for examples.

If specified, message will be appended to the message provided by the AssertionError if the fn call fails to throw or in case the error validation fails.

Custom validation object/error instance:

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

const err = new TypeError('Wrong value');
err.code = 404;
err.foo = 'bar';
err.info = {
  nested: true,
  baz: 'text'
};
err.reg = /abc/i;

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    name: 'TypeError',
    message: 'Wrong value',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      baz: 'text'
    }
    // Only properties on the validation object will be tested for.
    // Using nested objects requires all properties to be present. Otherwise
    // the validation is going to fail.
  }
);

// Using regular expressions to validate error properties:
assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    // The `name` and `message` properties are strings and using regular
    // expressions on those will match against the string. If they fail, an
    // error is thrown.
    name: /^TypeError$/,
    message: /Wrong/,
    foo: 'bar',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      // It is not possible to use regular expressions for nested properties!
      baz: 'text'
    },
    // The `reg` property contains a regular expression and only if the
    // validation object contains an identical regular expression, it is going
    // to pass.
    reg: /abc/i
  }
);

// Fails due to the different `message` and `name` properties:
assert.throws(
  () => {
    const otherErr = new Error('Not found');
    // Copy all enumerable properties from `err` to `otherErr`.
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(err)) {
      otherErr[key] = value;
    }
    throw otherErr;
  },
  // The error's `message` and `name` properties will also be checked when using
  // an error as validation object.
  err
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

const err = new TypeError('Wrong value');
err.code = 404;
err.foo = 'bar';
err.info = {
  nested: true,
  baz: 'text'
};
err.reg = /abc/i;

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    name: 'TypeError',
    message: 'Wrong value',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      baz: 'text'
    }
    // Only properties on the validation object will be tested for.
    // Using nested objects requires all properties to be present. Otherwise
    // the validation is going to fail.
  }
);

// Using regular expressions to validate error properties:
assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw err;
  },
  {
    // The `name` and `message` properties are strings and using regular
    // expressions on those will match against the string. If they fail, an
    // error is thrown.
    name: /^TypeError$/,
    message: /Wrong/,
    foo: 'bar',
    info: {
      nested: true,
      // It is not possible to use regular expressions for nested properties!
      baz: 'text'
    },
    // The `reg` property contains a regular expression and only if the
    // validation object contains an identical regular expression, it is going
    // to pass.
    reg: /abc/i
  }
);

// Fails due to the different `message` and `name` properties:
assert.throws(
  () => {
    const otherErr = new Error('Not found');
    // Copy all enumerable properties from `err` to `otherErr`.
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(err)) {
      otherErr[key] = value;
    }
    throw otherErr;
  },
  // The error's `message` and `name` properties will also be checked when using
  // an error as validation object.
  err
);

Validate instanceof using constructor:

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  Error
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  Error
);

Validate error message using RegExp:

Using a regular expression runs .toString on the error object, and will therefore also include the error name.

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  /^Error: Wrong value$/
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  /^Error: Wrong value$/
);

Custom error validation:

The function must return true to indicate all internal validations passed. It will otherwise fail with an AssertionError.

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  (err) => {
    assert(err instanceof Error);
    assert(/value/.test(err));
    // Avoid returning anything from validation functions besides `true`.
    // Otherwise, it's not clear what part of the validation failed. Instead,
    // throw an error about the specific validation that failed (as done in this
    // example) and add as much helpful debugging information to that error as
    // possible.
    return true;
  },
  'unexpected error'
);const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

assert.throws(
  () => {
    throw new Error('Wrong value');
  },
  (err) => {
    assert(err instanceof Error);
    assert(/value/.test(err));
    // Avoid returning anything from validation functions besides `true`.
    // Otherwise, it's not clear what part of the validation failed. Instead,
    // throw an error about the specific validation that failed (as done in this
    // example) and add as much helpful debugging information to that error as
    // possible.
    return true;
  },
  'unexpected error'
);

error cannot be a string. If a string is provided as the second argument, then error is assumed to be omitted and the string will be used for message instead. This can lead to easy-to-miss mistakes. Using the same message as the thrown error message is going to result in an ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT error. Please read the example below carefully if using a string as the second argument gets considered:

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';

function throwingFirst() {
  throw new Error('First');
}

function throwingSecond() {
  throw new Error('Second');
}

function notThrowing() {}

// The second argument is a string and the input function threw an Error.
// The first case will not throw as it does not match for the error message
// thrown by the input function!
assert.throws(throwingFirst, 'Second');
// In the next example the message has no benefit over the message from the
// error and since it is not clear if the user intended to actually match
// against the error message, Node.js throws an `ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT` error.
assert.throws(throwingSecond, 'Second');
// TypeError [ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT]

// The string is only used (as message) in case the function does not throw:
assert.throws(notThrowing, 'Second');
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Missing expected exception: Second

// If it was intended to match for the error message do this instead:
// It does not throw because the error messages match.
assert.throws(throwingSecond, /Second$/);

// If the error message does not match, an AssertionError is thrown.
assert.throws(throwingFirst, /Second$/);
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]const assert = require('node:assert/strict');

function throwingFirst() {
  throw new Error('First');
}

function throwingSecond() {
  throw new Error('Second');
}

function notThrowing() {}

// The second argument is a string and the input function threw an Error.
// The first case will not throw as it does not match for the error message
// thrown by the input function!
assert.throws(throwingFirst, 'Second');
// In the next example the message has no benefit over the message from the
// error and since it is not clear if the user intended to actually match
// against the error message, Node.js throws an `ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT` error.
assert.throws(throwingSecond, 'Second');
// TypeError [ERR_AMBIGUOUS_ARGUMENT]

// The string is only used (as message) in case the function does not throw:
assert.throws(notThrowing, 'Second');
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Missing expected exception: Second

// If it was intended to match for the error message do this instead:
// It does not throw because the error messages match.
assert.throws(throwingSecond, /Second$/);

// If the error message does not match, an AssertionError is thrown.
assert.throws(throwingFirst, /Second$/);
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]

Due to the confusing error-prone notation, avoid a string as the second argument.