从 JavaScript 迁移
TypeScript 并不存在于真空中。它是在考虑 JavaScript 生态系统的情况下构建的,今天存在很多 JavaScript。将 JavaScript 代码库转换为 TypeScript 虽然有些乏味,但通常并不具有挑战性。在本教程中,我们将了解如何开始。我们假设您已经阅读了足够多的手册来编写新的 TypeScript 代码。
如果您要转换 React 项目,我们建议您先查看 React 转换指南。
设置目录
如果您使用纯 JavaScript 编写,您很可能直接运行 JavaScript,其中 .js
文件位于 src
、lib
或 dist
目录中,然后按需要运行。
如果是这种情况,您编写的文件将用作 TypeScript 的输入,您将运行它产生的输出。在 JS 到 TS 的迁移过程中,我们需要分离输入文件以防止 TypeScript 覆盖它们。如果您的输出文件需要驻留在特定目录中,那么该目录就是您的输出目录。
您可能还会在 JavaScript 上运行一些中间步骤,例如捆绑或使用其他转译器(如 Babel)。在这种情况下,您可能已经设置了这样的文件夹结构。
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projectRoot
├── src
│ ├── file1.js
│ └── file2.js
├── built
└── tsconfig.json
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编写配置文件
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{
"compilerOptions": {
"outDir": "./built",
"allowJs": true,
"target": "es5"
},
"include": ["./src/**/*"]
}
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- 读入
src
目录(带有include
)中它理解的任何文件。 - 接受 JavaScript 文件作为输入(使用
allowJs
)。 - 发出
built
(带有outDir
)中的所有输出文件。 - 将较新的 JavaScript 结构转换为旧版本,如 ECMAScript 5(使用
target
)。
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早期福利
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- XAVjHvao0+7FvqYWUfRzqz779BujaFFw3WjXJHReG2qivMyC2HX/xC6mqu/aDMYXja4l2JtFF1wMqX+aUYK30eSnFDoBJ4glm7ZtVaF3Q3kPn4YUPtpf2HHbr6P8L8P69+ejxK0rXXh0Ou+mxu5Y0ojOxCJv64SED46/fdpugahDZ1J/jKUBJ9WzBVAODfPTTV5BL/rWGnrAtHCII8JDgzVMBMyhA/nNvzRYNyJEjOP8+hBnw0snL1XuIb71visyWxEqg1t+3Mwl9IWf9C1uvoTzo1AOV6LdciEyB+NM8/IFaQotC5j2nJII54z9fC12AY+xo5JSK8i1RPiUnUqz0F4nHi2W8/8Yh64ZCcn3IvbKPFQKSSqzCfrY6yHVLxOjHJxuoqpXEkddmqHowj3czl5+rHiFOrpVivZ9FrKKpwSWNtq5GxmSSCAoDZyx7BMv2OSDQ+3kUXK2Y7iV5TKhGL1NFkEtwQYjGGB96kEKC6U=
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与构建工具集成
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Gulp
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Webpack
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npm install ts-loader source-map-loader
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module.exports = {
entry: "./src/index.ts",
output: {
filename: "./dist/bundle.js",
},
// Enable sourcemaps for debugging webpack's output.
devtool: "source-map",
resolve: {
// Add '.ts' and '.tsx' as resolvable extensions.
extensions: ["", ".webpack.js", ".web.js", ".ts", ".tsx", ".js"],
},
module: {
rules: [
// All files with a '.ts' or '.tsx' extension will be handled by 'ts-loader'.
{ test: /\.tsx?$/, loader: "ts-loader" },
// All output '.js' files will have any sourcemaps re-processed by 'source-map-loader'.
{ test: /\.js$/, loader: "source-map-loader" },
],
},
// Other options...
};
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移动到 TypeScript 文件
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剔除错误
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从模块导入
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// For Node/CommonJS
declare function require(path: string): any;
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// For RequireJS/AMD
declare function define(...args: any[]): any;
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var foo = require("foo");
foo.doStuff();
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define(["foo"], function (foo) {
foo.doStuff();
});
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import foo = require("foo");
foo.doStuff();
获取声明文件
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npm install -S @types/lodash
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从模块导出
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module.exports.feedPets = function (pets) {
// ...
};
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export function feedPets(pets) {
// ...
}
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var express = require("express");
var app = express();
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function foo() {
// ...
}
module.exports = foo;
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function foo() {
// ...
}
export = foo;
参数太多/太少
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function myCoolFunction() {
if (arguments.length == 2 && !Array.isArray(arguments[1])) {
var f = arguments[0];
var arr = arguments[1];
// ...
}
// ...
}
myCoolFunction(
function (x) {
console.log(x);
},
[1, 2, 3, 4]
);
myCoolFunction(
function (x) {
console.log(x);
},
1,
2,
3,
4
);
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function myCoolFunction(f: (x: number) => void, nums: number[]): void;
function myCoolFunction(f: (x: number) => void, ...nums: number[]): void;
function myCoolFunction() {
if (arguments.length == 2 && !Array.isArray(arguments[1])) {
var f = arguments[0];
var arr = arguments[1];
// ...
}
// ...
}
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顺序添加的属性
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var options = {};
options.color = "red";
options.volume = 11;
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let options = {
color: "red",
volume: 11,
};
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interface Options {
color: string;
volume: number;
}
let options = {} as Options;
options.color = "red";
options.volume = 11;
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any、Object 和 {}
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获得更严格的检查
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无隐式 any
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严格的 null 和 undefined 检查
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declare var foo: string[] | null;
foo.length; // error - 'foo' is possibly 'null'
foo!.length; // okay - 'foo!' just has type 'string[]'
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this 没有隐式 any
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class Point {
constructor(public x, public y) {}
getDistance(p: Point) {
let dx = p.x - this.x;
let dy = p.y - this.y;
return Math.sqrt(dx ** 2 + dy ** 2);
}
}
// ...
// Reopen the interface.
interface Point {
distanceFromOrigin(): number;
}
Point.prototype.distanceFromOrigin = function () {
return this.getDistance({ x: 0, y: 0 });
};
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Point.prototype.distanceFromOrigin = function (this: Point) {
return this.getDistance({ x: 0, y: 0 });
};