Node.js 中的 ECMAScript 模块
在过去的几年里,Node.js 一直致力于支持运行 ECMAScript 模块 (ESM)。这是一个非常难以支持的特性,因为 Node.js 生态系统的基础是建立在一个名为 CommonJS (CJS) 的不同模块系统上。
两个模块系统之间的互操作带来了巨大的挑战,需要兼顾许多新功能;然而,Node.js 中对 ESM 的支持现在已经在 Node.js 中实现,尘埃落定。
这就是 TypeScript 带来两个新的 module
和 moduleResolution
设置的原因:node16
和 nodenext
。
{
"compilerOptions": {
"module": "nodenext",
}
}
这些新模式带来了一些高级功能,我们将在这里进行探讨。
package.json 中的 type 和新扩展
Node.js 支持 package.json
中的新设置 称为 type
。"type"
可以设置为 "module"
或 "commonjs"
。
{
"name": "my-package",
"type": "module",
"//": "...",
"dependencies": {
}
}
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// ./foo.ts
export function helper() {
// ...
}
// ./bar.ts
import { helper } from "./foo"; // only works in CJS
helper();
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// ./bar.ts
import { helper } from "./foo.js"; // works in ESM & CJS
helper();
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新文件扩展名
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CommonJS 互操作
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// @filename: helper.cts
export function helper() {
console.log("hello world!");
}
// @filename: index.mts
import foo from "./helper.cjs";
// prints "hello world!"
foo.helper();
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// @filename: helper.cts
export function helper() {
console.log("hello world!");
}
// @filename: index.mts
import { helper } from "./helper.cjs";
// prints "hello world!"
helper();
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import foo = require("foo");
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// @filename: helper.cts
export function helper() {
console.log("hello world!");
}
// @filename: index.mts
import foo = require("./foo.cjs");
foo.helper()
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package.json 导出、导入和自引用
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// package.json
{
"name": "my-package",
"type": "module",
"exports": {
".": {
// Entry-point for `import "my-package"` in ESM
"import": "./esm/index.js",
// Entry-point for `require("my-package") in CJS
"require": "./commonjs/index.cjs",
},
},
// CJS fall-back for older versions of Node.js
"main": "./commonjs/index.cjs",
}
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// package.json
{
"name": "my-package",
"type": "module",
"exports": {
".": {
// Entry-point for TypeScript resolution - must occur first!
"types": "./types/index.d.ts",
// Entry-point for `import "my-package"` in ESM
"import": "./esm/index.js",
// Entry-point for `require("my-package") in CJS
"require": "./commonjs/index.cjs",
},
},
// CJS fall-back for older versions of Node.js
"main": "./commonjs/index.cjs",
// Fall-back for older versions of TypeScript
"types": "./types/index.d.ts"
}
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