更多关于函数

函数是任何应用程序的基本构建块，无论它们是本地函数、从另一个模块导入的函数，还是类中的方法。 它们也是值，就像其他值一样，TypeScript 有很多方法来描述如何调用函数。 让我们学习如何编写描述函数的类型。

函数类型表达式

描述函数的最简单方法是使用函数类型表达式。 这些类型在语法上类似于箭头函数：

function greeter(fn: (a: string) => void) {
  fn("Hello, World");
}

function printToConsole(s: string) {
  console.log(s);
}

greeter(printToConsole);

语法 (a: string) => void 表示 "a function with one parameter, named a, of type string, that doesn't have a return value"。 就像函数声明一样，如果未指定参数类型，则隐式为 any。

请注意，参数名称是必需的。函数类型 (string) => void 表示 "a function with a parameter named string of type any"！

当然，我们可以使用类型别名来命名函数类型：

type GreetFunction = (a: string) => void;
function greeter(fn: GreetFunction) {
  // ...
}

调用签名

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type DescribableFunction = {
  description: string;
  (someArg: number): boolean;
};
function doSomething(fn: DescribableFunction) {
  console.log(fn.description + " returned " + fn(6));
}

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构造签名

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type SomeObject = any;

type SomeConstructor = {
  new (s: string): SomeObject;
};
function fn(ctor: SomeConstructor) {
  return new ctor("hello");
}

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interface CallOrConstruct {
  new (s: string): Date;
  (n?: number): number;
}

泛型函数

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function firstElement(arr: any[]) {
  return arr[0];
}

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function firstElement<Type>(arr: Type[]): Type | undefined {
  return arr[0];
}

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declare function firstElement<Type>(arr: Type[]): Type | undefined;

// s is of type 'string'
const s = firstElement(["a", "b", "c"]);
// n is of type 'number'
const n = firstElement([1, 2, 3]);
// u is of type undefined
const u = firstElement([]);

推理

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// prettier-ignore
function map<Input, Output>(arr: Input[], func: (arg: Input) => Output): Output[] {
  return arr.map(func);
}

// Parameter 'n' is of type 'string'
// 'parsed' is of type 'number[]'
const parsed = map(["1", "2", "3"], (n) => parseInt(n));

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约束条件

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function longest<Type extends { length: number }>(a: Type, b: Type) {
  if (a.length >= b.length) {
    return a;
  } else {
    return b;
  }
}

// longerArray is of type 'number[]'
const longerArray = longest([1, 2], [1, 2, 3]);
// longerString is of type 'alice' | 'bob'
const longerString = longest("alice", "bob");
// Error! Numbers don't have a 'length' property
const notOK = longest(10, 100);

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使用约束值

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function minimumLength<Type extends { length: number }>(
  obj: Type,
  minimum: number
): Type {
  if (obj.length >= minimum) {
    return obj;
  } else {
    return { length: minimum };
  }
}

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declare function minimumLength<Type extends { length: number }>(
  obj: Type,
  minimum: number
): Type;

// 'arr' gets value { length: 6 }
const arr = minimumLength([1, 2, 3], 6);
// and crashes here because arrays have
// a 'slice' method, but not the returned object!
console.log(arr.slice(0));

指定类型参数

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function combine<Type>(arr1: Type[], arr2: Type[]): Type[] {
  return arr1.concat(arr2);
}

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declare function combine<Type>(arr1: Type[], arr2: Type[]): Type[];

const arr = combine([1, 2, 3], ["hello"]);

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declare function combine<Type>(arr1: Type[], arr2: Type[]): Type[];

const arr = combine<string | number>([1, 2, 3], ["hello"]);

编写良好泛型函数的指南

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下推类型参数

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function firstElement1<Type>(arr: Type[]) {
  return arr[0];
}

function firstElement2<Type extends any[]>(arr: Type) {
  return arr[0];
}

// a: number (good)
const a = firstElement1([1, 2, 3]);
// b: any (bad)
const b = firstElement2([1, 2, 3]);

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使用更少的类型参数

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function filter1<Type>(arr: Type[], func: (arg: Type) => boolean): Type[] {
  return arr.filter(func);
}

function filter2<Type, Func extends (arg: Type) => boolean>(
  arr: Type[],
  func: Func
): Type[] {
  return arr.filter(func);
}

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类型参数应该出现两次

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function greet<Str extends string>(s: Str) {
  console.log("Hello, " + s);
}

greet("world");

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function greet(s: string) {
  console.log("Hello, " + s);
}

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可选参数

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function f(n: number) {
  console.log(n.toFixed()); // 0 arguments
  console.log(n.toFixed(3)); // 1 argument
}

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function f(x?: number) {
  // ...
}
f(); // OK
f(10); // OK

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function f(x = 10) {
  // ...
}

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declare function f(x?: number): void;
// cut
// All OK
f();
f(10);
f(undefined);

回调中的可选参数

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function myForEach(arr: any[], callback: (arg: any, index?: number) => void) {
  for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    callback(arr[i], i);
  }
}

zVy8JXuv2PHkzdEvnHSVhDbTSBnRtAo7WIA4AMDyJF/91de9Aqz3B1f5OS4HZw+hYteky+7dgXI3SAjfluIs/al7o9LXjV/+lfXpr2gp4DKGziRop8GujqM+jInqpJH9L02y53olRzMGZL1B9+qOOk7fD9np3RVN7xqVrUEJYk0=

declare function myForEach(
  arr: any[],
  callback: (arg: any, index?: number) => void
): void;

myForEach([1, 2, 3], (a) => console.log(a));
myForEach([1, 2, 3], (a, i) => console.log(a, i));

3uhRE+VPjvSRouFqB/LKnXb2Ow18hsJ91HkBR9BYmhIT3U/nK/IS28/eIvvLPKgA6c93mAAU+fekk+meo1MFOofK+mmW+YttSPQtBQfmdjI4ewLK0uU7dSLH7kE7how37ISPZm1AaXJmxmJNoDkiSpWNiNaTjeoVchcdQv0yJHqkaANaZ/HYQhHRe1Mm5Yi8

function myForEach(arr: any[], callback: (arg: any, index?: number) => void) {
  for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    // I don't feel like providing the index today
    callback(arr[i]);
  }
}

l3F9aAYaE5kl4HixQnxY5tspwsXFZVIndFqIXrCR+rQGhAhojDOw/pV1xx9SCH52KSdp6y61Qa/GOsvgWvvrpLt9VjNGJ9bm/KRClMRzKn3XBbNn53+T3LWygCGnHOH+

declare function myForEach(
  arr: any[],
  callback: (arg: any, index?: number) => void
): void;

myForEach([1, 2, 3], (a, i) => {
  console.log(i.toFixed());
});

LPAm84sFcsDIs31ItVzsGvNojQmWWgdMGK44jzI7rPpPHQ6fZusgaju673FY3gUNLBO7xUMA/hR0hZb5BTC8yfwcjjTQkxQga8ymJDtlOkY+8QnSJpPiwn0LWhKBiGrBxLCdfNEauLGp2iq8n8C/Xl/BuxZtLEjAxhTyTcK2leJMTlEuUuhrJFKvLx+AJNWgw1h7MriEuq89e7fKbyQz9POtgU+TpFFSUMVTj8WfoeG0rEOz3ReD4N8zZeESd7UeCYdBHNz/V759M8Av94IFZ/mzw/KOfhkJ7z47ttXMBppLH3flIr4/6mDSbC3reDft

EF1KRQmkcOvyUnu31n0KBWux1uiGWkok87777BGqPzlwGzxrYKCbWUjt7f0UjLD4mNMW+Bbd3q9yEEGjrQOmLgDyIHqIWFoa2JFb8+zbDdwaScT0jnLHu2BW1rXUx7Esz0ajTuKSVMvJHmqILquBKQ2hkx2OShMBuGpr3iC26OBEl1sYOiZhyBqvy1hnLZce

函数重载

xrkRnjNpCVCy5Wg815VYv8qrNq7GD6jxa3Bpfck0+f7fglJgDiHSpfUD9GEwCtbxy/rRTpMvv/PS6EIauw4Bo//i0+MsReD3A1+F5KtnVvaEqvDSwbqfgzaa/kCDeCxZZiNNKr3uzK1uh9oNT03Y0r0KBnX+riCdRZf2OjF6KOL3FRupz6R+k6k0Q0Sma91jtBPJWO3AZ3qUlh98upuHPjAaNbsc6gupHIrr9YKkvE2fSx1qDCUt2ELcviBz5fnt2UeDqPBKjxkUizZqLRpuHX1vnXvslkC1l1a/kmiIMfo=

6Cs0qPMIls4lyEexk5i2ZQ+07N8G1vrHA9fcostfEcc2mcQlqIq0ConYJig5v1B/6IEE09NIzISGpC+L+0TjljtxVsZvNwG5l671fddvp7ZUR4PgfgjiR2JPgbOEGFYgnVbrnN4X4wKcYMLotz1Mjhna7V5S7S4Z0/JifLtv/bSKlmBfoX7wuNbXu3/F6SBxL3xl10MrdPjEcs/bHQcfsWsDRTTutOKuJsYeOyrdFs9soPQVchasxw3p0Er/PoH9aHWT0iGGy9YSZWuJRlu/Ll6BcGau8LUTU7MVJLaRBu8=

function makeDate(timestamp: number): Date;
function makeDate(m: number, d: number, y: number): Date;
function makeDate(mOrTimestamp: number, d?: number, y?: number): Date {
  if (d !== undefined && y !== undefined) {
    return new Date(y, mOrTimestamp, d);
  } else {
    return new Date(mOrTimestamp);
  }
}
const d1 = makeDate(12345678);
const d2 = makeDate(5, 5, 5);
const d3 = makeDate(1, 3);

cUEN3ZUM1BIks0/CD6hK80O9drk95Nra5RXSXPmnrlrOFqmMLwKZPAQo7Cu68ADERiQZT7MOEIqi2zUmh5pkWviiONt5hjZdBX243YLtDSB+tctbfU86MZ0X0pnYmhkwabjp+u0aT07nieO0V3hujZNjI6BvyMWLXa9aMvBzjhfEo2q1v4v/zHRpdEY1XKZL

Fso+/B+wfliCygTsUkdry3o3mYbw4mzhW3d9Rk2GSLIJ6IwsgWIx2F3wQL85QOu6pcclKqL2jHko8/HtKScATAbFaOw9twaI498aRVdbVomxagb+xdTXyDub2wrzXZbpvG2GV1RK+umyHPFJ6nWkNfhD2yidecbR2ApKgJsge2OFn2A8jFGxHY9gVDfJLUz9yWMLOlQ6KqXiX2CURKwWivcQIiEXn6tQEOG/r1/JDAo38LHYh0UDV9ORVhKW3U1czG3qJOuwm+XzNC3KoLCNGOMwcUf1cYSpEJCZpyTl07Fl/l2yGfrzSFH1kkTEIwr6RoxT58kMRUR7Yt0TFe6Ivs4nLTmU+UdO4Jd7+SCK3lg=

重载签名和实现签名

sI5ypnZemcnEzF/gW8sVmeOBJRZ/0uac5E18RbXcXQCENV3vlVxziDNlZuIQAWY0QyfE8MsmpXngX0hXIr0Z9WqL5X2yjChIQM2RxJV8YsO3dF7eXdyIbtmjMxw0vFODIgXdo5McxCr32fb7im/tlNL3F0XbaHj7O2nBGdrFtq4=

function fn(x: string): void;
function fn() {
  // ...
}
// Expected to be able to call with zero arguments
fn();

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8p0mQqKV9nSvoXKr3Ee5QkC369AeUvul9AcFXFdCqjm6hLiewh40tPNO7IGZWed+YmQp8AvanGcQE+IRLUl/AWdconK7ijx0MWc1mN6dbo9f+TDVcvH85eldFME8qPL485Qarwns+SNz/rhl8eciK3h45lUjAlccLtPzAxv0bEA=

xr2Dxt2xk5qcGPsx4gwRmYjbayYfPQKi5ep/ZH1sArVaztWFSgtTs0V/VrJEGYns/2eztKKenWuDiCWkcNR40gHT4PetSQbnWRmBkbbgGeaPioj3zNkpY2iDyIjI04laD+cntBOabgwek5PEvGbBtZzLcZ2i6amvA1gNwnYCnzSIzt/HOVtI/UkkCqto2uw8

function fn(x: boolean): void;
// Argument type isn't right
function fn(x: string): void;
function fn(x: boolean) {}

function fn(x: string): string;
// Return type isn't right
function fn(x: number): boolean;
function fn(x: string | number) {
  return "oops";
}

编写好的重载

q1gan77j0WzMcXOVAgWEwrZflQwAyjIWMQnOYrJqrdKF5XcDBzo0yofpH4MBACMy+9NYIqwMkt0EkGGFsSpfZb8KMzgDsmzdyG5rtXf7lG3/RrGYfmTxcLxnVOibyGhQn2KX3HmVnMccBptKs6904Oh2iNji14AlBz5vm/+spyS5UONb2plktR9zaOdnulL3OjX26C2Ko4yC54bFVQpeWiXOV0SS2xBdUXFPYAE2iJE=

nI+pUP61/yDUsiGwqlq5PpA1SXB2IVf6T44dcCe3mtOp0XMZVgQB7CZFKN2AzsZ31pR353Hz15BsAjRLjoLc9g==

function len(s: string): number;
function len(arr: any[]): number;
function len(x: any) {
  return x.length;
}

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declare function len(s: string): number;
declare function len(arr: any[]): number;

len(""); // OK
len([0]); // OK
len(Math.random() > 0.5 ? "hello" : [0]);

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function len(x: any[] | string) {
  return x.length;
}

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hpAancFt3oxgrOxj1IcG8DN2WN4Y9yxgjDBXJe9dSbWqYvlCvdHmHYsFUTJmv7wZhoOtILJA+cFHv59lRwPDlQ==

在函数中声明 this

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const user = {
  id: 123,

  admin: false,
  becomeAdmin: function () {
    this.admin = true;
  },
};

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interface User {
  id: number;
  admin: boolean;
}
declare const getDB: () => DB;

interface DB {
  filterUsers(filter: (this: User) => boolean): User[];
}

const db = getDB();
const admins = db.filterUsers(function (this: User) {
  return this.admin;
});

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interface User {
  id: number;
  isAdmin: boolean;
}
declare const getDB: () => DB;

interface DB {
  filterUsers(filter: (this: User) => boolean): User[];
}

const db = getDB();
const admins = db.filterUsers(() => this.admin);

其他需要了解的类型

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void

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// The inferred return type is void
function noop() {
  return;
}

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object

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unknown

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function f1(a: any) {
  a.b(); // OK
}
function f2(a: unknown) {
  a.b();
}

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declare const someRandomString: string;

function safeParse(s: string): unknown {
  return JSON.parse(s);
}

// Need to be careful with 'obj'!
const obj = safeParse(someRandomString);

never

CjMQQssTv/zg8IWO74cZjaDumyeFRxj/QgotAmsNo2I=

function fail(msg: string): never {
  throw new Error(msg);
}

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function fn(x: string | number) {
  if (typeof x === "string") {
    // do something
  } else if (typeof x === "number") {
    // do something else
  } else {
    x; // has type 'never'!
  }
}

Function

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function doSomething(f: Function) {
  return f(1, 2, 3);
}

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剩余形参和实参

剩余形参

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function multiply(n: number, ...m: number[]) {
  return m.map((x) => n * x);
}
// 'a' gets value [10, 20, 30, 40]
const a = multiply(10, 1, 2, 3, 4);

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剩余实参

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const arr1 = [1, 2, 3];
const arr2 = [4, 5, 6];
arr1.push(...arr2);

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// Inferred type is number[] -- "an array with zero or more numbers",
// not specifically two numbers
const args = [8, 5];
const angle = Math.atan2(...args);

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// Inferred as 2-length tuple
const args = [8, 5] as const;
// OK
const angle = Math.atan2(...args);

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参数解构

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function sum({ a, b, c }) {
  console.log(a + b + c);
}
sum({ a: 10, b: 3, c: 9 });

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function sum({ a, b, c }: { a: number; b: number; c: number }) {
  console.log(a + b + c);
}

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// Same as prior example
type ABC = { a: number; b: number; c: number };
function sum({ a, b, c }: ABC) {
  console.log(a + b + c);
}

函数的可分配性

返回类型 void

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type voidFunc = () => void;

const f1: voidFunc = () => {
  return true;
};

const f2: voidFunc = () => true;

const f3: voidFunc = function () {
  return true;
};

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type voidFunc = () => void;

const f1: voidFunc = () => {
  return true;
};

const f2: voidFunc = () => true;

const f3: voidFunc = function () {
  return true;
};

const v1 = f1();

const v2 = f2();

const v3 = f3();

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const src = [1, 2, 3];
const dst = [0];

src.forEach((el) => dst.push(el));

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function f2(): void {
    return true;
}

const f3 = function (): void {
    return true;
};

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