模块:CommonJS 模块


🌐 Modules: CommonJS modules

CommonJS 模块是为 Node.js 打包 JavaScript 代码的最初方式。Node.js 也支持浏览器和其他 JavaScript 运行时使用的 ECMAScript 模块 标准。

🌐 CommonJS modules are the original way to package JavaScript code for Node.js. Node.js also supports the ECMAScript modules standard used by browsers and other JavaScript runtimes.

在 Node.js 中,每个文件都被视为一个独立的模块。例如,考虑一个名为 foo.js 的文件:

🌐 In Node.js, each file is treated as a separate module. For example, consider a file named foo.js:

const circle = require('./circle.js');
console.log(`The area of a circle of radius 4 is ${circle.area(4)}`); 

在第一行,foo.js 加载了与 foo.js 在同一目录下的模块 circle.js

🌐 On the first line, foo.js loads the module circle.js that is in the same directory as foo.js.

以下是 circle.js 的内容:

🌐 Here are the contents of circle.js:

const { PI } = Math;

exports.area = (r) => PI * r ** 2;

exports.circumference = (r) => 2 * PI * r; 

模块 circle.js 导出了函数 area()circumference()。函数和对象通过在特殊的 exports 对象上指定额外的属性添加到模块的根。

🌐 The module circle.js has exported the functions area() and circumference(). Functions and objects are added to the root of a module by specifying additional properties on the special exports object.

模块特有的变量将是私有的,因为模块被 Node.js 封装在一个函数中(参见 模块封装器)。 在这个例子中,变量 PIcircle.js 是私有的。

🌐 Variables local to the module will be private, because the module is wrapped in a function by Node.js (see module wrapper). In this example, the variable PI is private to circle.js.

module.exports 属性可以被分配一个新的值(例如函数或对象)。

🌐 The module.exports property can be assigned a new value (such as a function or object).

在以下代码中,bar.js 使用了 square 模块,该模块导出了一个 Square 类:

🌐 In the following code, bar.js makes use of the square module, which exports a Square class:

const Square = require('./square.js');
const mySquare = new Square(2);
console.log(`The area of mySquare is ${mySquare.area()}`); 

square 模块定义在 square.js 中:

🌐 The square module is defined in square.js:

// Assigning to exports will not modify module, must use module.exports
module.exports = class Square {
  constructor(width) {
    this.width = width;
  }

  area() {
    return this.width ** 2;
  }
}; 

CommonJS 模块系统在 module 核心模块 中实现。

🌐 The CommonJS module system is implemented in the module core module.